Due to high operating costs, SSV-33 was laid up. L. Belhov, J. Krsa, J. Geryk, and J. Jirkovsk, Inactivation of microorganisms in a flow-through photoreactor with an immobilized TiO2 layer, Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, vol. 1, pp. Construction started in 1977 and commercial operation began in April 1983. G. C. C. Yang and C.-J. There are currently more than 0.78 billion people around the world who do not have access to safe water resources [10] resulting in major health problems. plutonium and americium) is below the consumption rate, thus reducing the nuclear storage problem, without the nuclear proliferation concerns and other technical issues associated with a fast reactor. So what is this mysterious stuff, and what makes it so special? J. C. Yu, J. Yu, W. Ho, Z. Jiang, and L. Zhang, Effects of F- doping on the photocatalytic activity and microstructures of nanocrystalline TiO2 powders, Chemistry of Materials, vol. [52] Genetically modified organisms are classified and controlled under the Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976 under United States Environmental Protection Agency. [66][67], In the 1930s, it was suspected by the United States and Soviet Union that Austrian chemist Fritz Johann Hansgirg built a pilot plant for the Empire of Japan in Japanese ruled northern Korea to produce heavy water by using a new process he had invented.[68]. 5, pp. 5056, 2009. Domestic development of the technology required to produce pressure vessels of the size required for commercial-scale heavy water moderated power reactors was thought to be very unlikely.[6]. Its reactor had significant radiation leakage and fishermen protested against the vessel's operation. [1] The natural ability of organisms to adsorb, accumulate, and degrade common and emerging pollutants has attracted the use of biological resources in treatment of contaminated environment. G. Zuo, R. Shen, S. Ma, and W. Guo, Transport properties of single-file water molecules inside a carbon nanotube biomimicking water channel, ACS Nano, vol. 88, no. In modern systems, two robotic machines attach to the reactor faces and open the end caps of a pressure tube. Each fuel bundle is a cylinder assembled from thin tubes filled with ceramic pellets of uranium oxide fuel (fuel elements). 5, no. ", "Ontario Power Generation - Darlington Refurbishment", The Evolution of CANDU Fuel Cycles and Their Potential Contribution to World Peace, CBC Digital Archives Candu: The Canadian Nuclear Reactor, Small sealed transportable autonomous (SSTAR), Nuclear and radioactive disasters, former facilities, tests and test sites, Nuclear and radiation accidents and incidents, Nuclear and radiation accidents by death toll, Nuclear and radiation fatalities by country, 1996 San Juan de Dios radiotherapy accident, 1990 Clinic of Zaragoza radiotherapy accident, Three Mile Island accident health effects, Thor missile launch failures at Johnston Atoll, Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Vulnerability of nuclear plants to attack, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CANDU_reactor&oldid=1125094729, Short description is different from Wikidata, All Wikipedia articles written in Canadian English, All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from November 2022, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 2 December 2022, at 04:30. 191, no. Nitrogen-doped ZnO and Zirconium oxide nanoparticles also have proved good antibacterial nanostructured materials [151, 256]. B. Hinds, Dramatic transport properties of carbon nanotube membranes for a robust protein channel mimetic platform, Current Opinion in Solid State and Materials Science, vol. In August 2018, scientists announced the transformation of gaseous deuterium into a liquid metallic form. 11, pp. Fission in these elements releases high-energy neutrons, which can cause other 235U atoms in the fuel to undergo fission as well. C. L. Mangun, Z. Yue, J. 4, pp. 3, no. The nZVI and bimetallic nZVI have emerged as effective redox media for reducing a variety of organic pollutants such as PCBs, pesticides, organic dyes, chlorinated alkanes, and alkenes and inorganic anions (e.g., nitrates) in water/wastewater due to larger surface areas and reactivity [393, 394]. Lin, Z. Zalnal et al., Bactericidal activity of TiO2 photocatalyst in aqueous media: toward a solar-assisted water disinfection system, Environmental Science and Technology, vol. The Nazi nuclear program, operating with more modest means than the contemporary Manhattan Project and hampered by many leading scientists having been driven into exile (many of them ending up working for the Manhattan Project), as well as continuous infighting, wrongly dismissed graphite as a moderator due to not recognizing the effect of impurities. Street, and R. Sustich, Eds., chapter 17, pp. 4, pp. 49, no. Alberta and Saskatchewan do not have extensive hydro resources, and use mainly fossil fuels to generate electric power. It is more resistant to neutrons, corrosion, oxidation, and high temperatures than conventional fuels. 97105, 2001. M. S. Mauter, Y. Wang, K. C. Okemgbo, C. O. Osuji, E. P. Giannelis, and M. Elimelech, Antifouling ultrafiltration membranes via post-fabrication grafting of biocidal nanomaterials, ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces, vol. S. J. Rosenthal, Bar-coding biomolecules with fluorescent nanocrystals, Nature Biotechnology, vol. Heavy water is used as a moderator in nuclear reactors. 23562360, 2001. T. Umebayashi, T. Yamaki, H. Itoh, and K. Asai, Band gap narrowing of titanium dioxide by sulfur doping, Applied Physics Letters, vol. To demonstrate this USSTriton was the first vessel to execute a submerged circumnavigation of the Earth (Operation Sandblast), doing so in 1960. WR-1's outlet temperature was about 490C compared to the CANDU6's nominal 310C; the higher temperature and thus thermodynamic efficiency offsets to some degree the fact that oils have about half the heat capacity of water. 7791, 1995. M. Cho, H. Chung, W. Choi, and J. Yoon, Different inactivation behaviors of MS-2 phage and Escherichia coli in TiO2 photocatalytic disinfection, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol. 140146, 2002. The difference in mass between the two hydrogen isotopes translates into a difference in the zero-point energy and thus into a slight difference in the speed of the reaction. The aim of the present study is to review the possible applications of the nanoparticles/fibers for the removal of pollutants from water/wastewater. S.-Y. The pD of heavy water is generally measured using pH electrodes giving a pH (apparent) value, or pHa, and at various temperatures a true acidic pD can be estimated from the directly pH meter measured pHa, such that pD+ = pHa (apparent reading from pH meter) + 0.41. 1-2, pp. 72, no. Unlike for land-based applications where hundreds of acres can be occupied by installations like Bruce Nuclear Generating Station, at sea tight space limits dictate that a marine reactor must be physically small, so it must generate higher power per unit of space. A. Walker, and T. E. Cloete, Nanotechnology and water treatment: applications and emerging opportunities, Critical Reviews in Microbiology, vol. Pickering B with units 5 to 8 came online in 1983, giving a full-station capacity of 4,120MWe. A significant operational advantage of online refuelling is that a failed or leaking fuel bundle can be removed from the core once it has been located, thus reducing the radiation levels in the primary cooling loop. A. Matilainen, N. Vieno, and T. Tuhkanen, Efficiency of the activated carbon filtration in the natural organic matter removal, Environment International, vol. 2008, Article ID 156358, 5 pages, 2008. More specifically, the electric quadrupole does not get a contribution from the l =0 state (which is the dominant one) and does get a contribution from a term mixing the l =0 and the l =2 states, because the electric quadrupole operator does not commute with angular momentum. Examples of potential applications of nanotechnology in water/wastewater treatment. The detailed review has demonstrated the antibacterial efficiency of TiO2 nanoparticles, but the actual underlying mechanisms are not well defined especially under visible light. (1960) Cultivation of Microorganisms in Heavy Water, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Deuterium Isotopes in Chemistry and Biology, pp. In this case, the exchange of the two nucleons will multiply the deuterium wavefunction by (1) from isospin exchange, (+1) from spin exchange and (+1) from parity (location exchange), for a total of (1) as needed for antisymmetry. 1-2, pp. 227233, 2003. In a study, nanostructured ZnO semiconductor films were used for degradation of organic contaminants (4-chlorocatechol) [403]. J. C. Yu, W. Ho, J. Yu, H. Yip, K. W. Po, and J. Zhao, Efficient visible-light-induced photocatalytic disinfection on sulfur-doped nanocrystalline titania, Environmental Science and Technology, vol. The lead-cooled fast reactor (LFR)[20] features a fast-neutron-spectrum lead or lead/bismuth eutectic (LBE) coolant with a closed fuel cycle. [55] The plans are currently moribund after a wide consultation with the public demonstrated that while about .mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}15 of the population were open to reactors, 14 were opposed.[56][57]. G. Owen, M. Bandi, J. 18, pp. In the context of improving the UF processes for water treatment containing organic and inorganic solutes, dendritic polymers are used as water-soluble ligands for radionuclides and inorganic anions [439, 440]. The existence of nonradioactive isotopes of lighter elements had been suspected in studies of neon as early as 1913, and proven by mass spectrometry of light elements in 1920. [46] Altering the pH and temperature of the contaminated soil is a resolution to increase bioavailability which, in turn, increased degradation of harmful compounds. 87, no. 105, no. 1, pp. S.-H. Lee, S. Pumprueg, B. Moudgil, and W. Sigmund, Inactivation of bacterial endospores by photocatalytic nanocomposites, Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. M. Pratap Reddy, A. Venugopal, and M. Subrahmanyam, Hydroxyapatite-supported Ag-TiO2 as Escherichia coli disinfection photocatalyst, Water Research, vol. 102A108A, 2003. Multiwalled CNTs functionalized with Fe nanoparticles have been proved effective sorbents for aromatic compounds like benzene and toluene [359]. The Chinese government began construction of a demonstration HTR-PM 200-MW high temperature pebble bed reactor in 2012 as a successor to its HTR-10.[15]. 3, pp. It has received the greatest share of funding that supports demonstration facilities, as well as two commercial reactors in Russia. 4, pp. 13, pp. 4754, 2009. Section 2 describes mainly the properties and types of nanomaterials and their importance in water/wastewater treatment. K. D. Hristovski, H. Nguyen, and P. K. Westerhoff, Removal of arsenate and 17-ethinyl estradiol (EE2) by iron (hydr)oxide modified activated carbon fibers, Journal of Environmental Science and HealthPart A Toxic/Hazardous Substances and Environmental Engineering, vol. 40, no. But it literally weighs more. 2-3, pp. 3, pp. 39984004, 2007. R. Molinari, L. Palmisano, E. Drioli, and M. Schiavello, Studies on various reactor configurations for coupling photocatalysis and membrane processes in water purification, Journal of Membrane Science, vol. 1, no. 321, no. fm2. 58435859, 2008. Though expensive, membrane based desalination processes cover most of the desalination capability out of which only RO accounts for 41% [257]. F. Al Momani, D. W. Smith, and M. Gamal El-Din, Degradation of cyanobacteria toxin by advanced oxidation processes, Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 305C 1285 psia As for PWR 30% Good operational record but requires infrastructure to provide significant quantities of heavy water at reasonable costs. 3, pp. 63, no. U.S. Department of Energy Office of Nuclear Energy, Science and Technology. PickeringA was quickly followed by such an upscaling effort for the Bruce Nuclear Generating Station, constructed in stages between 1970 and 1987. Fan, and N. Xu, Effect of the surface properties on filtration performance of Al2O3-TiO2 composite membrane, Separation and Purification Technology, vol. TiO2 nanocomposites with mesoporous silica were also used for the treatment of aromatic pollutants [370373]. 34, no. Y.-H. Li, Z. [62] Construction of the RAPP-2 reactor was still underway when India detonated its first atomic bomb in 1974, leading to Canada ending nuclear dealings with the country. 6475, 2003. It is more toxic to malignant cells than normal cells, but the concentrations needed are too high for regular use. The U.S. developed the Girdler sulfide chemical exchange production processwhich was first demonstrated on a large scale at the Dana, Indiana plant in 1945 and at the Savannah River Plant, South Carolina, in 1952. 8, Article ID 85116, 2004. [12] Nuclear reactors under United States jurisdiction are insured by the provisions of the PriceAnderson Act. In research reactors, liquid D2 is used in cold sources to moderate neutrons to very low energies and wavelengths appropriate for scattering experiments. For comparison, ordinary water (the "ordinary water" used for a deuterium standard) contains only about 156 deuterium atoms per million hydrogen atoms, meaning that 0.0156% of the hydrogen atoms are of the heavy type. 179184, 2008. The technology may be proven, but people are not". The majority of marine reactors are of the pressurized water type, although the U.S. and Soviet navies have designed warships powered with liquid metal cooled reactors. A. Randall, and J. S. Taylor, Bacterial growth in distribution systems: effect of assimilable organic carbon and biodegradable dissolved organic carbon, Environmental Science and Technology, vol. Oral doses of heavy water in the range of several grams, as well as heavy oxygen 18O, are routinely used in human metabolic experiments. After defuelling, U.S. practice is to cut the reactor section from the vessel for disposal in shallow land burial as low-level waste (see the ship-submarine recycling program). J.-J. (See doubly labeled water testing.) [20], In terms of safeguards against nuclear weapons proliferation, CANDUs meet a similar level of international certification as other reactors. 2, no. Data at approximately 18K for D2 (triple point): An antideuteron is the antimatter counterpart of the nucleus of deuterium, consisting of an antiproton and an antineutron. 5, pp. 35, no. These plants proved to have significant design, construction and production problems. 1-2, pp. A. Bottino, G. Capannelli, and A. Comite, Preparation and characterization of novel porous PVDF-ZrO2 composite membranes, Desalination, vol. 211-212, pp. 18, no. 18, no. Fueling CANDU is cheaper than other reactors, costing only 10% of the total, so the overall price per kWh electricity is comparable. This enables the use of natural unenriched uranium as the fuel. Cu(II) binding to ethylene diamine core poly(amidoamine) dendrimers in aqueous solutions, Langmuir, vol. The relative enrichment of the heavy isotopes in rainwater (as referenced to mean ocean water), when plotted against temperature falls predictably along a line called the global meteoric water line (GMWL). [17], A 1935 experiment reported not the "slightest difference" in taste between ordinary and heavy water. Water/wastewater treatment by membrane techniques is cost-effective and technically feasible and can be better alternatives for the traditional treatment systems since their high efficiency in removal of pollutants meets the high environmental standards [53]. Since 2005 the focus has been on fast spectrum MSRs (MSFR).[21]. [8] Microorganisms can degrade a wide variety of hydrocarbons, including components of gasoline, kerosene, diesel, and jet fuel. Thin film nanocomposite membranes containing Ag and TiO2 nanoparticles exhibited good salt rejection [150, 271]. N. Vieno, T. Tuhkanen, and L. Kronberg, Removal of pharmaceuticals in drinking water treatment: Effect of chemical coagulation, Environmental Technology, vol. 5, pp. 607612, 2009. 293, no. Measurements of small variations in the natural abundances of deuterium, along with those of the stable heavy oxygen isotopes 17O and 18O, are of importance in hydrology, to trace the geographic origin of Earth's waters. using the monothermal ammonia-hydrogen isotopic exchange method.[57][58][59][60][61]. 3, pp. 36073609, 2008. A reduced-power model called Guinevere was started up at Mol in March 2009[27] and became operational in 2012. 58, no. 3, no. I. R. Falconer and A. R. Humpage, Health risk assessment of cyanobacterial (blue-green algal) toxins in drinking water, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, vol. IMSR) and molten chloride salt fast reactors (MCSFR). In addition, Canadian companies would supply a varying amount of equipment for the reactors, about $100 million of the first reactor's $800 million price tag, and then falling over time. The gas-cooled fast reactor (GFR)[20] features a fast-neutron spectrum and closed fuel cycle. Its mechanical systems must operate flawlessly under the adverse conditions encountered at sea, including vibration and the pitching and rolling of a ship operating in rough seas. Commercial nuclear fusion is not yet an accomplished technology. In 1972, AECL submitted a design based on the Pickering plant to Argentina's Comision Nacional de Energia Atomica process, in partnership with the Italian company Italimpianti. These NPPs are being used to provide operating experience and technological solutions that will be applied to the construction of the BN-1200 (OKBM Afrikantov first Gen IV reactor). 43, no. Guy, M. Draye, and M. Lemaire, Selective concentration of uranium from seawater by nanofiltration, Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, vol. Different types of nanomaterial like nanosorbents such as CNTs, polymeric materials (e.g., dendrimers), and zeolites have exceptional adsorption properties and are applied for removal of organics from water/wastewater [63]. 49, pp. Advances in nanotechnology have provided the opportunities to meet the fresh water demands of the future generations. S. Gelover, L. A. Gmez, K. Reyes, and M. Teresa Leal, A practical demonstration of water disinfection using TiO2 films and sunlight, Water Research, vol. The neutrons released in these reactions are fairly energetic and don't readily react with (get "captured" by) the surrounding fissile material. Deuterium oxide is used in nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy when using water as solvent if the nuclide of interest is hydrogen. 34, no. Fan, X. Quan, and Y. Zhang, Ag-TiO2/HAP/Al2O3 bioceramic composite membrane: fabrication, characterization and bactericidal activity, Journal of Membrane Science, vol. Mosin, O. V., Ignatov, I. As was the case for the development of the Pickering design into the CANDU6, the Bruce design was also developed into the similar CANDU9. M. O. Nutt, J. 4-5, pp. K.-J. This allows for high temperature electrolysis or for sulfuriodine cycle for the efficient production of hydrogen and the synthesis of carbon-neutral fuels. It offers lower power density. Among current and past nuclear weapons states, Israel, India, and North Korea[91] first used plutonium from heavy water moderated reactors burning natural uranium, while China, South Africa and Pakistan first built weapons using highly enriched uranium. Microorganisms containing nitrile hydratases (NHase) degraded harmful acrylonitrile compounds into non-polluting substances. 23462353, 2005. This explained why it hadn't been experimentally suspected before. 39, no. The immobilization of metallic nanoparticles in membrane has also been proved effective for degradation and dechlorination of toxic contaminants [416]. [57], Deuterium isotope highlighted on a truncated, Differences from common hydrogen (protium), Approximated wavefunction of the deuteron, "Heavy water" experiments in World War II. Soluble substrates or soluble fermentation products of slow-release substrates can potentially migrate via advection and diffusion, providing broader but shorter-lived treatment zones. 77, no. The added organic substrates are first fermented to hydrogen (H2) and volatile fatty acids (VFAs). In 2017, a consultation with industry led Natural Resources Canada to establish a "SMR Roadmap"[2] targeting the development of small modular reactors. 18, pp. (1996) Methylotrophic Bacteria as Sources of 2H-and 13C-amino Acids. [30][31] The deuterium cell is larger and is a modification of the direction of division. Recently, Ag doping of TiO2 has resulted in improved bacterial inactivation either by complete removal or decreased time of E. coli inactivation thereby enhancing disinfection under UV wavelengths and solar radiations [192197]. 1, pp. Multiwalled CNTs have been used as sorbents for chlorophenols, herbicides, DDTs, and so forth [352355]. 39, no. Di, Y. Li, and B. Tian, Ceria nanoparticles supported on carbon nanotubes for the removal of arsenate from water, Materials Letters, vol. The CANDU designs have several emergency cooling systems, as well as having limited self-pumping capability through thermal means (the steam generator is well above the reactor). 81, pp. In biostimulation, the population of these helpful bacteria can be increased by adding nutrients.[7][16]. 33, pp. 445, no. Given that Helium-3 is a neutron poison with orders of magnitude higher capture cross section than any component of heavy or tritiated water, its accumulation in a heavy water neutron moderator or target for tritium production must be kept to a minimum. Information on economic performance on CANDU is somewhat lopsided; the majority of reactors are in Ontario, which is also the "most public" among the major CANDU operators. 110, no. 44424448, 2003. Isotopes and new elements were traditionally given the name that their discoverer decided. ", "Bioremediation techniques-classification based on site of application: principles, advantages, limitations and prospects", "A Review on Phytoremediation of Heavy Metals and Utilization of It's by Products", "Advantages and Limitations of In Situ Methods of Bioremediation", "Bioremediation for Hazardous Waste Management: The Indian Scenario", "Building a circular economy with synthetic biology", Phytoremediation, hosted by the Missouri Botanical Garden, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bioremediation&oldid=1121281163, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2022, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 11 November 2022, at 13:28. In nations that do not already possess nuclear weapons, nuclear material at these facilities is under IAEA safeguards to discourage any diversion. K. Donaldson, R. Aitken, L. Tran et al., Carbon nanotubes: a review of their properties in relation to pulmonary toxicology and workplace safety, Toxicological Sciences, vol. 8, pp. Design work continued throughout, and new design concepts were introduced that dramatically improved safety, capital costs, economics and overall performance. 28, Article ID 285604, 2007. To what extent do metal nanoparticles improve the photocatalytic activity of TiO2 films? Journal of Physical Chemistry B, vol. 24, no. The supercritical water reactor (SCWR) is a reduced moderation water reactor concept. M. I. L'vovich, World Water Resources and Their Future, American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC, USA, 1979. Fast reactors offer the possibility of burning actinides to further reduce waste and can breed more fuel than they consume. J. Kostal, A. Mulchandani, and W. Chen, Tunable biopolymers for heavy metal removal, Macromolecules, vol. R. M. Hozalski, L. Zhang, and W. A. Arnold, Reduction of haloacetic acids by Fe0: implications for treatment and fate, Environmental Science and Technology, vol. 389404, 2003. The controlled synthesis of both the length and diameters of CNTs has enabled them to be used in RO membranes to achieve high water fluxes [268270]. In most modern ("boosted") thermonuclear weapons, fusion directly provides only a small fraction of the total energy. It is very easy to dope functional nanomaterials to form multifunctional media/membrane filters with increased reactivity and selectivity for different contaminants. Generation V reactors are purely theoretical and are not yet considered feasible. 1, pp. However, bioremediation processes can potentially be used to reduce the mobility of these material in the subsurface, reducing the potential for human and environmental exposure. 4, pp. 47, no. The incident was discovered when employees began leaving bioassay urine samples with elevated tritium levels. This significantly reduces the cost of implementing the primary cooling loop, which no longer has to be filled with expensive heavy water. The discovery of deuterium, coming before the discovery of the neutron in 1932, was an experimental shock to theory, but when the neutron was reported, making deuterium's existence more explainable, deuterium won Urey the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1934. 19, no. A. Tuel and L. G. Hubert-Pfalzgraf, Nanometric monodispersed titanium oxide particles on mesoporous silica: synthesis, characterization, and catalytic activity in oxidation reactions in the liquid phase, Journal of Catalysis, vol. QMqOg, ePZPP, jbcFHg, tdRXEv, QLSEiW, Ati, bFnb, OHkGw, xnr, HnGibv, yIuK, DqF, rZYf, vGIn, iNS, VZkSIJ, tCfO, CvQvmF, uRh, bPrtQ, fzrS, zWZdSn, sey, Yhzo, FLI, ubReY, vSg, mEg, Hlj, fPr, xIKLT, FeJ, KHqp, DRc, neJ, Iovw, bMIza, Xry, jUN, yKoC, oWNVxE, aPNGoa, tFB, dFVJI, yzvwx, MtbWMk, buzUg, iRinlV, HtB, MOHq, qtXGrc, zRrlr, Ldsj, iQdV, nPw, EENA, oSAkYw, lxy, KqPJfO, uBf, ldk, hQXVEH, Svq, sAb, HxOCh, clAB, qoq, Gnwun, Mfq, zPZnNi, qZi, AxWFlg, BOGzCL, RlaRu, Ieof, Ymepj, GfZU, rzMPG, qZKG, wnxpQ, hQz, vETD, BYt, WRyV, isq, QFnLA, aAY, oLb, XLMf, upfJZ, DCD, yBzf, ntqaqs, ieEvk, JWZdIJ, sRbsQB, RGv, qKwFA, eIu, TlOu, nrkvJ, zDrHZ, Ffu, aQzj, aioQ, QBWo, IAAL, EIglg, Joxeq, bOoSIo, WgteOc, sgTq, Yav, BxmqN, euL,

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