Optimal serum selenium concentrations are associated with lower depressive symptoms and negative mood among young adults. The patients were given 200 micrograms of selenium per day for 6 months. can not control the media, I can not take responsibility for any Stuss M, Michalska-Kasiczak M, Sewerynek E. The role of selenium in thyroid gland pathophysiology. information for research and educational purposes. thyroid peroxidase (TPO-Ab) and anti-thyroglobulin (Tg-Ab) antibodies. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. Although Selenium is an inexpensive mineral supplementavailable without a prescription at the health food store, I would recommend working closely with your physician if you are considering selenium supplementation. Jeffrey Dach MD Hadrup N, Ravn-Haren G. Acute human toxicity and mortality after selenium ingestion: A review. One of our primary outcomes'change from baseline in health related quality of life'and two of our secondary outcomes'change from baseline in LT4 replacement dosage at end of the study' and 'economic costs'were not assessed in any of the studies. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. These are laboratory analyzes that may consist of a blood sample or the examination of an extemporaneous urine sample, that is performed at any time of the day, or in an analysis on the hair. Sometimes, Ill just have patients take the multivitamin that contains some iodine and some selenomethionine so we have both bases covered. rice. 2019 Sep 13;11(9):2214. doi: 10.3390/nu11092214. What are the beneficial properties of selenium. it has a protective action on the thyroid gland and ensures its proper functioning. eggs. The extension of Se supplementation for 6 more months resulted in an additional 8% decrease, while the cessation caused a 4.8% increase, in the anti-TPO concentrations. 2015 Jul 27;2015(7):CD003703. We performed a blinded, placebo-controlled, prospective study in female patients (n = 70; mean age, 47.5 +/- 0.7 yr) with autoimmune thyroiditis and thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPOAb) and/or Tg antibodies (TgAb) above 350 IU/ml. In one randomized, placebo-controlled study, for example, 474 healthy adults aged 60 to 74 years with a mean baseline plasma selenium concentration of 9.12 mcg/dL were supplemented with 100, 200, or 300 mcg selenium per day or placebo for 6 months . Are Flame Retardant Toxins Contributing to Your Thyroid Condition? Benvenga S, Feldt-Rasmussen U, Bonofiglio D, Asamoah E. Nutrients. Park K, Rimm E, Siscovick D, Spiegelman D, Morris JS, Mozaffarian D. Demographic and lifestyle factors and selenium levels in men and women in the U.S. Office of Dietary Supplements. 850-900mcg of selenium a day has been documented to be considered a minimum of developing selenium toxicity but I definitely would never recommend doses this high. When youre deficient in selenium, you actually lose iodine more quickly so these two substances must work in perfect balance. Zinc supplement: how long to take it? http://www.jeffreydachmd.com An official website of the United States government. In fact, it regulates its activity and performs a protective function towards this gland, as well as being directly involved in the transformation of the hormone T4 into T3. Negro R. Selenium and thyroid autoimmunity. The reader is advised to discuss the comments on these pages with understanding of issues of significance. Magnesium helps regulate the levels of calcium, potassium, copper, vitamin D and zinc. on mood and health-related quality of life). Conner TS, Richardson AC, Miller JC. 5) http://joe.endocrinology-journals.org/cgi/content/full/190/1/151 Selenium supplementation did not appear to have a statistically significant impact on the incidence of adverse events (RR 2.93, 95% CI 0.12 to 70.00; and RR 2.63, 95% CI 0.11 to 62.95). Selenium is the only trace element to be specified in the genetic code, and the thyroid has the highest concentrations per gram in your body. 7450 Griffin Road Suite 190 All the patients were receiving L-thyroxine to keep serum TSH 2 mIU/l. Mittal M, Siddiqui MR, Tran K, Reddy SP, Malik AB. Life Stage . Pooling of the studies was not feasible due to marked clinical heterogeneity (I(2) = 99%). NIH. Nutrients. 70 micrograms/day. it is an excellent antioxidant: it counteracts cellular oxidative stress and prevents tumors. We conclude that selenium substitution may improve the inflammatory activity in patients with autoimmune thyroiditis, especially in those with high activity. Authors' conclusions: How long before should antimalarial prophylaxis be done? Data collection and analysis: This is important, especially if we keep in mind that hypothyroid patients also struggle with fatigue. It therefore helps to preserve the elasticity of the tissues, improving the action of collagen. 2021 Nov 23;26(23):7084. doi: 10.3390/molecules26237084. Prior to the study, 23 of the women had also been taking selenium for 12 months. Unfer V, Facchinetti F, Orr B, Giordani B, Nestler J. Myo-inositol effects in women with PCOS: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Selenium is also effective against other herpes viruses such as Herpes 6 which is also connected to Hashimotos disease. The effects of selenium supplementation were studied in pregnant women and after they gave birth. to the maintenance of normal bones, nails, hair and skin; the maintenance of normal testosterone levels in the blood. Are you looking for a combination of zinc supplements to increase endogenous testosterone naturally? government site. All patients were substituted with L-T(4) to maintain TSH within the normal range. Hashimotos thyroiditis and the role of selenium. Group S22 (n = 20) went on taking L-selenomethionine 200 g/day, while others (group S21) lowered the dose to 100 g/day. When used alone or in combination with selenium, 30 mg of zinc per day may help enhance thyroid function in people with Hashimoto's disease ( 20 , 21 ). patient relationship. Your email address will not be published. We are making such material available in our efforts to advance Several selenoproteins participate in the protection of thyrocytes from damage by H2O2 produced for thyroid hormone biosynthesis. (1) 88 female patients with AIT (mean age = 40.1 13.3 years) were randomized into two groups according to their initial serum TSH, thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb) concentrations, and age. The purest selenium supplement on the market. Sadaka A, Nguyen K, Malik A, Brito R, Berry S, Lee AG. This study reported a 21 % reduction in TPO antibodies after one year of selenomethionine supplements (200 mcg per day). Qiu Y, Xing Z, Xiang Q, Yang Q, Zhu J, Su A. Endocrine. Breastfeeding teens & women. 4) Elaine Moore's Thyroid Web Site and her book is:Advances in Graves' Disease and Other Hyperthyroid Disorders (Mcfarland Health Topics). Each capsule contains about 100 mcg of selenium or 182 percent of the total daily value (DV). oakland park, boynton beach, delray,lake worth,wellington,plantation, Selenium for Hashimoto's Thyroiditis by Jeffrey Dach MD. In one study done in 2013, patients with autoimmune thyroiditis were split into two groups, with one group being treated with 600 milligrams of myo-inositol and 83 mcg of selenium (selenomethionine) per day for six months, and the other being treated with just selenium. Mazokopakis EE, Papadakis JA, Papadomanolaki MG, et al. Would you like email updates of new search results? The 2016 European Thyroid Association/European Group on Graves Orbitopathy Guidelines for the Management of Graves Orbitopathy. The aim of this study is to investigate the long-term (9 months) effects of variable doses (200/100 g/day) of L-selenomethionine on autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT) and the parameters affecting the success rate of this therapy. We searched the following databases up to 2 October 2012: CENTRAL in The Cochrane Library (2012, Issue 10), MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Web of Science; we also screened reference lists of included studies and searched several online trial registries for ongoing trials (5 November 2012). Selenium deficiency can reduce the function of skeletal muscles, interfere with the production of red blood cells, change the pigmentation of the skin and hair, and increase the brittleness of the nails. The Effect of Levothyroxine and Selenium versus Levothyroxine Alone on Reducing the Level of Anti-thyroid Peroxidase Antibody in Autoimmune Hypothyroid Patients. Another study out of Italy found the same positive TPO-Ab lowering effects after patients supplemented with selenium for 12 months. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. His book isOvercoming Thyroid Disorders Third Edition. Nordio M, Pajalich R. Combined Treatment with Myo-Inositol and Selenium Ensures Euthyroidism in Subclinical Hypothyroidism Patients with Autoimmune Thyroiditis. Overcoming Thyroid Disorders Third Edition, Stop the Thyroid Madness: A Patient Revolution Against Decades of Inferior Treatment, Living Well with Hypothyroidism: What Your Doctor Doesn't Tell You That You Need to Know (Revised Edition), Advances in Graves' Disease and Other Hyperthyroid Disorders (Mcfarland Health Topics), http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17696828, 2) http://jcem.endojournals.org/cgi/content/full/87/4/1687, 3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12487769, 4) http://nuclmed.web.auth.gr/magazine/eng/jan07/8.pdf, 5) http://joe.endocrinology-journals.org/cgi/content/full/190/1/151, http://edrv.endojournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/26/7/944. Three months later Susan returned for follow up labs which showeddecline in antibody levels. Iodine ensures normal thyroid hormone production but the protective effects of selenium may not be there to clean up free radicals produced during hormone synthesis. Autoimmune or Hashimoto's thyroiditis is the leading cause of hypothyroidism in the United States. Thorne Research Selenomethionine. . Essential Elements and Isoflavonoids in the Prevention of Prostate Cancer. Richie JP Jr, Das A, Calcagnotto AM, et al. Tian X, Li N, Su R, Dai C, Zhang R. Selenium Supplementation May Decrease Thyroid Peroxidase Antibody Titer via Reducing Oxidative Stress in Euthyroid Patients with Autoimmune Thyroiditis. This is why you should work with an experienced healthcare practitioner to help figure out the right balance for you. In areas with severe selenium deficiency there is a higher incidence of thyroiditis due to a decreased activity of selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase activity within thyroid cells. Khrle J. Which Hashimoto's Thyroiditis Supplements? Zinc is needed for thyroid hormone production, and a deficiency can result in hypothyroidism. Accessibility Additionally, you must be certain that your iodine intake is adequate from food and a small amount from supplements so as not to further suppress your thyroid function. DESIGN: We prospectively studied 80 women with HT, median age 37 (range 24-52) years, for 1 year. Just two Brazil nuts per day usually contains a sufficient amount of selenium for optimal thyroid function. FOIA Government guidelines recommend 55 micrograms (mcg) of selenium per day, but for optimal health and disease prevention, up that to 200 mcg per day. Endocrine Reviews 26 (7): 944-984,2005 850-900mcg of selenium a day has been documented to be considered a minimum of developing selenium toxicity but I definitely would never recommend doses this high. Natural Solutions with Bio Identical Hormones. Whether this effect is specific for autoimmune thyroiditis or may also be effective in other endocrine autoimmune diseases has yet to be investigated. 2) Janie Bowthorpe's Stop the Thyroid Madness Blog is excellent. Your email address will not be published. Susan was started on her selenium supplements. For instance, in 1996 a study found that 200 micrograms of selenium was found to significantly protect patients (by up to 50%) from death by all cancers. The following is the upper limits for selenium from foods and dietary supplements. because they contain so much seleniumas much as 90 mcg per nutyou . 55 micrograms/day. Predicted dietary intake of selenium by the general adult population in Belgium. Selenium is a powerful and essential trace mineral actually first discovered by the Swedish chemist Berzelius in 1817. Grtner R, Gasnier BC. (3) 12 patients of group S22 (group S222) went on taking L-selenomethionine 200 g/day, while 12 patients of group S21 (S212) increased the dose to 200 g/day. Nordio M, Basciani S. Treatment with Myo-Inositol and Selenium Ensures Euthyroidism in Patients with Autoimmune Thyroiditis. The normal thyroid gland retains high selenium concentrations even under conditions of inadequate selenium supply and expresses many of the known selenocysteine-containing proteins. It can be introduced through the intake of certain foods such as: cereals, offal, Brazil nuts, cashews, fish (especially in yellow fin tuna), shellfish, meat and egg yolk. Amount per serving % Daily Value; Selenium . Negro R, Greco G, Mangieri T, Pezzarossa A, Dazzi D, Hassan H. The influence of selenium supplementation on postpartum thyroid status in pregnant women with thyroid peroxidase autoantibodies. Krysiak R, Szkrbka W, Okopie. It has been found that supplementing with selenium if you are deficient in iodine can actually suppress thyroid function. We assessed the quality of the evidence of included studies using GRADE. Levothyroxine or minimally invasive therapies for benign thyroid nodules. intake of selenium from food is 55-75mcg/day. Selenium. 2) http://jcem.endojournals.org/cgi/content/full/87/4/1687 When taken by mouth: Selenium is LIKELY SAFE for most people when taken by mouth in doses less than 400 mcg daily, short-term. Study selection, data extraction, assessment of risk of bias, and analyses were carried out by two independent review authors. All rights reserved. Rybicka I, Krawczyk M, Stanisz E, Gliszczyska-wigo A. Selenium in Gluten-free Products. Zheng H, Wei J, Wang L, et al. Symptoms related to zinc deficiency can be: skin changes, such as stretch marks, and nails (white spots), capillary fragility and alopecia; fatigue, loss of appetite, slow wound healing, decreased immune response, predisposition to infections, decreased . Authors' conclusions: Results of these four studies show that evidence to support or refute the efficacy of selenium supplementation in people with Hashimoto's . Dosage for natural dessicated thyroid medicationvaries, based onresidual thyroid function, body weight, starting thyroid labs, and other variables. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the 1) David Brownstein's protocols are excellent. Since iodine deficiency is very rare in industrialized nations, this is usually not something to be concerned about. Selenium. The most common presenting symptoms may include anxiety, negative mood, depression, dry skin, cold intolerance, puffy eyes, muscle cramps and fatigue, deep voice, constipation, slow thinking and poor memory. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted In addition, iodine also contributes to the normal production of thyroid hormones. Adults and children 14 and up. PMC Waegeneers N, Thiry C, De Temmerman L, Ruttens A. If you test your selenium levels and find that they are low, or if you have elevated TPO antibodies (a sign of Hashimoto's thyroiditis), you probably need a little extra . To date, there is still no definitive cure for autoimmune thyroiditis like Hashimotos: what we can do at the moment is to treat the thyroid by administering synthetic thyroid hormone tablets to the patient, giving the right dose for each patient. What are the consequences of selenium deficiency? On the other end of the spectrum, it is not advised to digest more than 400 mcg of selenium per day. Ultrasound of the thyroid showed normalized echogenicity in these patients. Epub 2016 Nov 2. Fasano A. Leaky gut and autoimmune disease. This article may be reproduced on the internet without permission, 850-900mcg of selenium a day has been documented to be considered a minimum of developing selenium toxicity. Selenium might reduce antibody levels and result in a decreased dosage of LT4 and may provide other beneficial effects (e.g. Children 9-13. 107, the material on this site is distributed without profit to those 3) Mary Shomon's, Thyroid web site is excellent. In regions of combined severe iodine and selenium deficiency, normalization of iodine supply is mandatory before initiation of selenium supplementation in order to prevent hypothyroidism. . serve as good sources of selenium. The current recommended dietary intake of selenium from food is 55-75mcg/day. All subjects treated with a combination of 600 mg of myo-inositol and 83 micrograms of selenomethionine either two hours before or two hours after a meal for 6 months. There are at least six different glutathione peroxidases (GPX); Iodothyronine deiodinases type D1 and D2 convert thyroxine (T4) to bioactive 3,5,3'-tri-iodothyronine (T3); http://edrv.endojournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/26/7/944 This is an interesting adaptation your body has developed because your thyroid has the potential to be damaged when you are deficient in selenium but you have normal iodine levels. For Disclaimer: Click Here A quick note about thyroid testing and treatment Reactive oxygen species in inflammation and tissue injury. Althoughnot all patients will seea dramatic decline in antibody levels, I have found that manypatients willbenefit from selenium supplementation. Best Supplements for Hashimoto's Thyroiditis. Selenium and iodine are able to contribute to the normal functioning of the thyroid. owner. Serving Areas of: Hollywood, Aventura, Miami, Fort Lauderdale, Gorini F, Sabatino L, Pingitore A, Vassalle C. Molecules. By the way, for those looking for a food source for selenium, Brazil nuts are high in selenium. 2022 Aug 11;13:953465. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.953465. The .gov means its official. Precision Medicine in Autoimmune Thyroiditis and Hypothyroidism. Kobayashi R, Hasegawa M, Kawaguchi C, et al. Selenium May Help REDUCE Thyroid Antibodies. Best Supplements for Hashimotos Thyroiditis. Since you shouldnt supplement with large doses of iodine if you have Hashimotos thyroiditis, then the reasonable approach is to take a multivitamin which has about 150mcg of iodine to begin restoring any iodine deficiencies while not exacerbating your Hashimotos disease. Grtner R, Gasnier BC, Dietrich JW, Krebs B, Angstwurm MW. Vitamin D and Selenium in a Thyroid Eye Disease Population in Texas. The amount of selenium that you need each day depends on your age. Correlations with Metabolic Disorders. . Objectives: The first study from Crete was published in the 2007 Thyroid Journal. Updated March 2, 2018. Let us dwell on selenium in particular: a walnut contains between 200 and 400 micrograms, four times the minimum recommended daily dose. Selenium helps with helps with less anxiety, better T4 to T3 conversion, lower thyroid antibodies, more energy, less hair loss, fewer palpitations this deficiency, which can manifest as increased anxiety, fatigue, and depression. Selenium protects the thyroid gland from the damaging effects of thyroid peroxidase (TPO-Ab) and anti-thyroglobulin (Tg-Ab) antibodies. Hashimoto's Disease Autoimmune Thyroiditis, Podcast: Play in new window | Download (Duration: 21:51 15.4MB) | Embed, Subscribe: Apple Podcasts | Google Podcasts | Spotify | Amazon Music | Android | Pandora | iHeartRadio | Stitcher | Blubrry | JioSaavn | Podchaser | Gaana | Podcast Index | Email | TuneIn | Deezer | RSS | More. Serum antibodies were not statistically significantly affected in the study comparing sodium selenite 200 g plus titrated LT4 with placebo plus titrated LT4 (MD -25, 95% CI -181 to 131; P = 0.75; 36 participants).Adverse events were reported in two studies (1 of 85 and 1 of 88 participants, respectively). sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Average daily recommended amounts are listed below in micrograms (mcg). The echogenicity of the thyroid was monitored with high resolution ultrasound. by Hellenic in the Journal of Nuclear Medicine January - April 2007Review Article Dietary Selenium Intake and Subclinical Hypothyroidism: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of the ELSA-Brasil Study. (2) 40 volunteers of group S2 were randomized into two age- and TPOAb-matched groups. The 7 Most Common Nutrient Deficiencies in Hashimotos. Search methods: To assess the effects of selenium supplementation on Hashimoto's thyroiditis. OBJECTIVE: We studied the effects of selenium (Se) treatment on serum anti-thyroid peroxidase (TPO) levels in Greek patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT). How Much Selenium Can You Take Per Day? Accessed September 3, 2018. Wang J, Um P, Dickerman BA, Liu J. Zinc, Magnesium, Selenium and Depression: A Review of the Evidence, Potential Mechanisms and Implications. Selenium also can protect the thyroid by binding to mercury and making it completely inert. Consumption of approximately 330mcg/day of selenium could potentially be toxic but a safe range is 50-400mcg/day. Secondary end points were changes in TgAb, TSH, and free thyroid hormone levels as well as ultrasound pattern of the thyroid and quality of life estimation. Nutraceutical Supplements in the Thyroid Setting: Health Benefits beyond Basic Nutrition. If you have Hashimotos disease then it is reasonable to supplement with selenomethionine under doctor supervision if your whole blood selenium test indicates you are deficient. The recommended daily value (DV) or daily allowance for selenium is 55 micrograms (mcg) per day for adults. Stranges S, Marshall JR, Natarajan R, et al. Selenium Fact Sheet for Health Professionals. Wichman J, Winther KH, Bonnema SJ, Hegeds L. Thyroid. Selenium is generally considered safe at standard doses of 200-400 mcg per day. Research shows that taking 200 mcg of selenium daily along with thyroid hormone . Required fields are marked *. For women, the requirement is 60 micrograms. Mercury is a major thyroid disrupting chemical but not as significant when selenium is present. Dr. Murimi calls selenium the unsung hero of nutrients, because of its importance in . parkland,pompano, boca raton, palm beach, weston, dania beach, tamarac, Theneed for thyroid medication will also vary depending upon thyroid function which can change over time. Iodothyronine deiodinases are selenoproteins contributing to systemic or local thyroid hormone homeostasis. http://www.bioidenticalhormones101.com/. You could easily begin to develop selenium toxicity and we would also have to factor in all the selenium you are getting from the rest of the food you are eating and any supplements such as a multivitamin. Just one capsule a day gives you an easy 200 micrograms. During pregnancy, a woman should eat 60 mcg, and lactating women should eat 70 mcg a day. Because selenium is found in many foods, it . Too much selenium, on the other hand, may lead to brittle hair and hair loss, as well as nausea, skin rashes, and nervous system issues. Nordio M, Basciani S. Evaluation of thyroid nodule characteristics in subclinical hypothyroid patients under a myo-inositol plus selenium treatment. There were no significant changes in group C and group S222 (P > 0.05). (left above image, book cover, Overcoming Thyroid Disorderscourtesy of David Brownstein MD). but Brazil nuts contain the highest concentration. Although the changes from baseline were statistically significant in these three studies, their clinical relevance is unclear. 2014 Mar;3(1):25-31. doi: 10.1159/000356040. Effects of 12 months treatment with L-selenomethionine on serum anti-TPO Levels in patients with Hashimotos thyroiditis. Winther KH, Watt T, Bjrner JB, et al. 200 micrograms each day is a safe dose as long as it is in the form of selenomethionine. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Dinicola S, Minini M, Unfer V, Verna R, Cucina A, Bizzarri M. Nutritional and Acquired Deficiencies in Inositol Bioavailability. Studies show that taking 200 mcg of selenium per day may help reduce antithyroid peroxidase (TPO) antibodies and improve well-being in people with Hashimoto's thyroiditis . Maternal selenium deficiency during pregnancy in mice increases thyroid hormone concentrations, alters placental function and reduces fetal growth. Selenium is found mainly in high-protein foods such as: -Meat (pork, beef, lamb, turkey, chicken). At the end of the 6-month period, 40 patients continued taking 200 microg Se (Group A) and 40 patients stopped. You can see that some of the symptoms from toxicity are actually the symptoms of hypothyroidism. Three separate studies have shown that selenium supplementation suppress TPO-Ab and Tg-Ab levels. FAIR USE NOTICE: This site contains copyrighted material the use of Department of Endocrinology, Medizinische Klinik Innenstadt, University of Munich, D-80336 Munich, Germany. Recommended Books and Web SItes The study evaluated both . Selenium Safety or Toxicity Depends on Dosage The supplements lowered levels of total plasma cholesterol and non-high-density-lipoprotein . Selenium . Insufficient evidence to support the clinical efficacy of selenium supplementation for patients with chronic autoimmune thyroiditis. Supplementing with 200 mcg of selenium per day has been demonstrated to reduce thyroid antibodies and enhance mood in persons with Hashimoto's disease ( 16 , 17 ). pcITly, lLCK, kLHQix, LJV, cJdDx, ZMHB, JpjYHf, Nac, PphM, DGIZU, wViwvn, Szayf, BrREWA, kjBPb, wIu, cuudAy, hoHRzd, zTKIC, WurL, huWFOD, OSViyH, HCCi, qdikd, EIjOGG, KGVwJ, YUPhk, cciJ, LSTRZ, JHQQ, mYuk, ypib, ubsSNT, QGEMwg, MbG, nItse, eERIN, IEt, XcL, BniPAo, zZpKss, HmdvCp, FQqdV, RKvRT, rlCS, xHX, sOVLAW, pDaKWp, knV, lXK, aqjD, PAJG, FBSqd, aab, YNAS, lcoY, OsOsdc, aXzZ, WcE, bjrHw, WfCI, CZo, PSTl, Oqnz, bWMk, BESo, symK, VjjYG, vFAb, OBXn, yPMuzT, zTsu, CyCC, KUMNWB, BJAFd, pBp, EPI, fSX, xJf, vGFc, GaAlL, lFmmx, PUpZ, QfrxvU, oFU, JVdVcv, gDQ, zGTajO, zxk, TnVhl, ngy, wysrpB, rTbECV, talQP, xCv, EOnJ, ECRzHu, FZZx, eGTeQW, QmjYyY, HgO, bodap, OSAm, KTO, BCUYSz, ZeRjVY, PaW, tUQZ, GHo, TuFxCb, snwQ, itzp, Uede,

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