Front Microbiol 8:1463, Kawai F, Kawabata T, Oda M (2019) Current knowledge on enzymatic PET degradation and its possible application to waste stream management and other fields. Int J Environ Sci Technol 10:13191324, Artham T, Doble M (2010) Biodegradation of physicochemically treated polycarbonate by fungi. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Cookies policy. They are artificially cultivated on a suitable substrate, such as straw, husk, sugarcane residues, leaves, etc. 2004). In this experimental study, bacterium and fungus was isolated from the marine environment and was used for degradation of plastic waste strips. 2013), andCandida rugosa(Gautam et al. Though many studies identified the degrading abilities in fungi very few shows effective biodegradation. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. The surfaces of polypropylene are hydrophobic, because it has CH and CH2 groups along its backbone and a CH3 pendant group. Some important fungi species which showed their ability to absorb nutrients from the plastic polymers they arePleurotus abalones, Pleurotus ostreatus, Agaricus bisporusthese species are by secretion of enzyme laccases utilized the polyethylene and polystyrene as carbon sources and showed growth by degrading the plastics. 2009),Candida rugosawere degrading poly (butylene succinate-co-hexamethylene succinate) copolymer. Biodegradation is defined as the method by which microbes like bacteria and fungi are employed for the breakdown of synthetic plastic waste. In biodegradation, the process is initiated by micro-organisms, i.e., bacteria and fungi. Plastic wastes have adversely affected life on earth, primarily through their undesirable accumulation in landfills, leaching into the soil, increased greenhouse gas emission, etc. Currently, the research on the degradation of plastics is focused on the characterization of microorganisms capable of degradation of fossil-based plastics in the atmosphere, development of new enzyme-based degradation strategies, and synthesis of copies of genes that encode biodegradation enzymes (Vijaya and Reddy 2008 ). Toxicology. Polyurethane, on the other hand, was degraded by four strains. The results suggested that polyethylene was not degraded by any strain. Sci Rep 9:16038. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-52379-z, Gama N, Ferreira A, Barros-Timmons A (2018) Polyurethane foams: past, present, and future. Polym Degrad Stabil 80:3943, Jeon H, Durairaj P, Lee D, Ahsan MM, Yun H (2016) Improved NADPH regeneration for fungal cytochrome P450 monooxygenase by co-expressing bacterial glucose dehydrogenase in resting-cell biotransformation of recombinant yeast. Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Pleurotus ostreatusand S22 showed a high capacity for lignin degradation at pH 9.011. Degrading polystyrene ability was identified inCephalosporium spp. Biodegradation. PubMed Central PubMedGoogle Scholar. 2022 Oct 13;14(20):4299. doi: 10.3390/polym14204299. Epub 2022 Oct 13. <> In this regard, some insects, bacteria and fungi have been shown to ingest these polymers and convert them into environmentally friendly carbon compounds. Here's how you know Biodegradation of synthetic plastics is a very slow process that also involves environmental factors and the action of wild, bioresourcesbioprocessing.springeropen.com, Plastic waste has a negative impact on marine ecosystems and the quantity of this source of anthropogenic pollution continues to increase. In this chapter, the different aspects of fungal biodegradation and its relation to human and plant nutrition have been highlighted. Plastic is considered as one of the threatful elements in the environment because of its slow degradation in the environment which seriously takes some decades, so its considered a non-degrading material. Compared with other degradation processes, the biodegradation process is the most effective and best way for plastic degradation due to its non-polluting mechanism, eco-friendly nature, and cost-effectiveness. 1899), formation of carbon dioxide (Sturm test) are good indicators for polymer degradation and are the most often used methods to measure biodegradation in laboratory tests. The enormous rise in the production of plastics causes a, In this work, a novel one-pot synthesis of polymeric hydrogels (HGs) based on isocyanate click chemistry is proposed and evaluated. Copyright 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus tubingensisare assumed that they secrete esterases that are responsible for the degradation of plastics (Khan et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enzmictec.2007.02.012, Ojha N, Pradhan N, Singh S, Barla A, Shrivastava A, Khatua P, Rai V, Bose S (2017) Evaluation of HDPE and LDPE degradation by fungus, implemented by statistical optimization. Some fungal species which showed PVC degradation areCochliobolus sp. Besides, key areas for further exploration, such as the manipulation of microorganisms through molecular cloning, modification of enzymatic characteristics and metabolic pathway design, are also highlighted. and < 10% with Rhizopus sp.) 2016),Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Aspergillus niger(Ali et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-019-09717-y, Khan S, Nadir S, Shah ZU, Shah AA, Karunarathna SC, Xu J, Khan A, Munir S, Hasan F (2017) Biodegradation of polyester polyurethane by Aspergillus tubingensis. Polym Degrad Stab 84(1):711, Griffin GJL (1980) Synthetic polymers and the living environment. 2013). Biodegradable bioplastics are fully degraded by microorganisms, without leaving visible toxic remainders. 1987). PubMed Central in the Biodegradation of Plastic Wastes Writtik Maity1 & Subhasish Maity1 & Soumen Bera2 & Amrita Roy1 Received: 22 September 2020/Accepted: 22 March 2021/ . In addition, genetically engineered robust enzyme systems could be an effective strategy to reduce plastic waste. Strain S-2 was identified for its effective degradation of high molecular weight plastic, i.e., polylactic acid (PLA) based plastic (Gemeren et al. Lee B, Pometto AL, Fratzke A, Bailey TB (1991) Biodegradation of degradable plastic polyethylene by Phanerochaete and Streptomyces species. Therefore, it is essential to develop eco-friendly techniques to get rid of this plastic waste accumulation. CYP contains three cofactors (NADPH+, H+, FAD, and Heme) and two enzymes (NADPH: CYP reductase and cytochrome P-450 hydrolase). This study aimed at isolating and identifying bacteria and fungi with the capacity to degrade low density polyethylene (LDPE). Google Scholar, Ronqvist M, Xie W, Lu W, Gross RA (2009) Cutinase-catalyzed hydrolysis of poly(ethyleneterephthalate). In this plastic biodegradation, fungi play a pivotal role, it acts on plastics by secreting some degrading enzymes, i.e., cutinase`, lipase, and proteases, lignocellulolytic enzymes, and also. 1995). Sivan A (2011) New perspectives in plastic biodegradation. government site. 2018 Sep;102(18):7669-7678. doi: 10.1007/s00253-018-9195-y. 2018). Plastic polymers with different properties have been developed in the last 150 years to replace materials such as wood, glass and metals across various applications. Fungi easily adapt to severe environmental constraints and can be easily manipulated with different problems [15]. Biodegradation involves biodeterioration, fragmentation, assimilation and mineralisation. ISBN978-0-471-49752-3, Karich A, Ullrich R, Scheibner K, Hofrichter M (2017) Fungal unspecific peroxygenases oxidize the majority of organic EPA priority pollutants. To be truly labeled biodegradable, the plastic must degrade into carbon dioxide, water, . 1991). This class includes lignin peroxidases (LiP), manganese peroxidases (MnP), and versatile peroxidases (VP) which are mostly found in white-rot fungi (Hofrichter and Ullrich 2006). Front Microbiol 8:1792, Osma JF, Toca-Herrera JL, Rodrguez-Couto S (2010) Uses of laccases in the food industry. Poylm Polym Composit 29(5): 303310, Bergeret A, Ferry L, Ienny P (2009) Influence of the fibre/matrix interface on ageing mechanisms of glass fibre reinforced thermoplastic composites (PA-6,6, PET, PBT) in a hygrothermal environment. https://doi.org/10.1007/10_2010_87, Department of Biotechnology, College of Science and Technology, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, 530003, India, Department of Biotechnology, Pydah Degree College, Affiliated to Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, India, Department of Human Genetics, College of Science and Technology, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, 530003, India, You can also search for this author in PP is used in manufacturing rugs, mats, carpets, ropes, and chairs. These enzymes transfer electrons from organic substrates to molecular oxygen (laccases) by oxidationreduction reactions using H2O2 as an electron-accepting co-substrate or by epoxidation, aromatic preoxygenation, and sulfoxidation (Karich et al. 2006). This research is funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness as part of the national project H2PHARMA, for the biodegradation of hospital wastewater by fungi. The Indian Cow. Among all the mentioned approaches, biodegradation showed the most promising outcomes. Bioprocess. Pure PVC is soluble in tetrahydrofuran and insoluble in alcohols. Hence, there has been an exponential increase in plastic waste generation, which has since been recognised as a global environmental threat. 1981; Heredia 2003). 2006; ONeill et al. White rot fungiPleurotus ostreatus, Phanerochaete chrysosporium, andTrametes versicolor, and the brown-rot fungiGloeophyllum trabeumwere capable of depolymerization of polystyrene when coincubated together with lignin (Krueger et al. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology. The ability of fungi was they can invade substrates using enzymes that can detoxify pollutants. Int Biodeterior Biodegrad. Microorganisms help in cleaning up the environment. 2012). Cite this article. Low-density polyethylene is processed by applying high pressure (10005000atm) and high temperature (520 kelvins), whereas high-density polyethylene requires low pressure (67atm) and low temperature (333343K) (Lee et al. Appl Environ Microbiol 64:27942799, Vertommen MAME, Nierstrasz VA, van der Veer M, Warmoeskerken MMCG (2005) Enzymatic surface modification of poly(ethylene terephthalate). J Appl Environ Microbiol 5:819, CAS An enzyme that is similar to cutinase in function, i.e., isolated fromCryptococcussp. x][~W_qr rnvD.h)mF33xF/ IN@4n4_ooo^4zUT~97EnpO+P?&0tTxq%s?|'bpy{xGr@U~Z]=Xgonpm|\RGi{>V :'c"/IM>Gd_%2b'("(|9+*'&:%mN2l({b%%qibk 0 Hk(fBac:sz;xD+AxA4dR6^e3ketdNu Optimization of Polystyrene Biodegradation by. PubMed Central Alternative ways to limit the accumulation of plastic wastehave been developed and applied from a variety of perspectives, including from a microbiological standpoint. The accumulation of the plastic is responsible for the most unique and long lasting changes to the environment [2]. Appl Environ Microbiol 73:58175824, renar B, Petri (2011) Cytochrome P450 enzymes in the fungal kingdom. Disposing of the plastic waste in oceans leads accumulation of toxic chemicals, such as polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs), nonylphenol (NP), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), polybrominated diphenyl esters (PBDE), and bisphenol A (BPA) (Bryant et al. Polyvinylchloride is a strong polymer, composed of repeating chloroethyl units (Fischer et al. After treating and incubation of 30 days in a shaking incubator, the final weight R2 of 13.4 mg was observed to have a significant weight loss of 4 mg and biodegradation of LDPE up to 22.9%, as shown in Table 2 and Figure 3. Brunner and his colleagues investigated the plastic-degrading capabilities of fungus that grows naturally on plastic litter that has accumulated in the ocean. They are / hydrolases or carboxylic ester hydrolases which were observed in plant pathogenic fungi, i.e.,Fusarium solani pisi(Kolattukudy and Brown 1975; Kolattukudy et al. Fungi are the dominant agents . The usage of polythene is increased at a rate of 12% annum and approximately 140 million tonnes of synthetic plastic polymers are produced worldwide annually (Roy et al. Many plastics are not biodegradable, but some PUs are well known to undergo biodegradation (see reviews by NakajimaKambe et al. The process of biodegradation can be divided into three stages: biodeterioration, . 1998). 2013). A degradable drainage board is a vertical drainage made of natural fibre (straw, jute, and coconut) or biodegradable polymeric synthetic materials, which have good engineering properties such as discharge capacity and tensile strength during construction. As nondegradable plastics build up in the environment and cause increasing problems for disposal, this biodegradability could lead to increased use of PU. 2019). Google Scholar, Ganesh P, Dineshraj D, Yoganathan K (2017) Production and screening of depolymerising enzymes by potential bacteria and fungi isolated from plastic waste dump yard sites. The degradation of plastics by some fungi occurs through the intracellular and extracellular enzymatic systems. Phanerochaete chrysosporium, andTrametes versicolorshowed effectivedegradation of high-molecular-weight polyethylene, where MnP/Manganese peroxidases is the key enzyme in polyethylene degradation (Iiyoshi et al. Biotechnol Lett 29:10811086. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. Aspergillus nigerwas also identified for its quite slow growth with visible signs of deterioration occurring only after 30days (Russell 2011). D H Y Yanto 1 and A Hidayat 2. 1.1 This test method is designed to index plastic materials which are more or less biodegradable relative to a standard in aerobic activated-sludge-treatment systems. The potentiality of fungi in biodegradation is known as mycoremediation. PubMed Central Toxins 10:112. This leads to the degradation of plastics within a few days. Environ Sci Processes Impacts 17:15131521, Glaser JA (2019) Biological degradation of polymers in the Environment. Studying the biodegradation of plastic in mature composts will help in understanding the eventual fate of such plastic waste.5 Plastics can be degraded by chemical, thermal, photo or . Cytochrome P450 family are heme-containing mono-oxygenases that are involved in catalyzing various enzymatic reactions (Shin et al. CAS 2010). Ligninolytic enzymes, includes LiP, MnP, and laccase (Wu et al. Lipase B from Candida antarcticawas effectively hydrolyzing PET to TPA (Carniel et al. and transmitted securely. The biodegradation of plastics by bacteria and fungi proceeds differently under different soil conditions according to their properties. Biochem Res Int 2016:10. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/9519527, Tokiwa Y, Calabia BP (2009) Biodegradability of plastics. Pleurotus eryngii, Lentinula edodes, fungi showed the ability to degrade BPA (Bisphenol-A) and DEHP (di-2-ethyhexylphthalate) plastics by secretion of manganese peroxidase (MnP) enzyme (Hock et al. Currently, the annual worldwide use of plastic mate- Polymers 2022, 14, 4996 2 of 30 Polymers 2022, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 39 Figure 1. Compared with other degradation processes, the biodegradation process is the most effective and best way for plastic degradation due to its non-polluting mechanism, eco-friendly nature, and cost-effectiveness. Polym Degrad Stabil 88:189198, Heredia A (2003) Biochemical and biophysical characteristics of cutin, a plant barrier biopolymer. Fungi can also produce some surface-active proteins, i.e., hydrophobins to coat hyphae to hydrophobic substrates. several samples such as pond, soil, hay, horse dung, and lichen. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40643-022-00532-4, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40643-022-00532-4. Appl Environ Microbiol 58:32253232, Montazer Z, Habibi Najafi MB, Levin DB (2019) Microbial degradation of low-density polyethylene and synthesis of polyhydroxyalkanoate polymers. J Macromol Sci Chem 26(1989):10231032, Shah AA, Hasan F, Hameed A, Ahmed S (2008) Biological degradation of plastics: a comprehensive review. Synthetic plastics like polyethylene (PE) are non-biodegradable and take 1000 years to completely degrade in natural conditions. J Photoch Photobio A 163:547556, Article 2015; Milstein et al. 2019; Glaser 2019; Restrepo-Florez et al. Biores Technol 96(12):13571363, Yamamoto-Tamura K, Hiradate S, Watanabe T et al (2015) Contribution of soil esterase to biodegradation of aliphatic polyester agricultural mulch film in cultivated soils. They are in the form of solid or foamed, its chemical formula is (C8H8) n. PP is degraded by acetone, chlorinated solvents, and aromatic hydrocarbon solvents. The formation of mushrooms from the plastic as a substrate is a very new approach to control plastic pollution, and the productivity of mushrooms can be increased by altering the composition of the substrate (Luz et al. Bookshelf Some fungal species that are well known to produce lipases and are involved in the degradation of plastics, i.e.,Rhizopus delemer, Candida antarctica (Vertommen et al. Volatile fungal metabolites are responsible for various odors and may contribute to a "sick building syndrome" (SBS) with a negative effect on the heath of building. 8600 Rockville Pike Cladosporium pseudo cladosporioides, Cladosporium tenuissimum, Cladosporium asperulatum, Cladosporium montecillanum, Aspergillus fumigatus, Penicillium chrysogenumwere also reported for degrading PUR (lvarez-Barragn et al. Incubation of the LDPE sheets was done for sixteen weeks at 37C and 28C for bacteria and . https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-8486-1_4, Cosgrove L, McGeechan PL, Robson GD, Handley PS (2007) Fungal communities associated with degradation of polyester polyurethane in soil. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. These microbeshave a great biotech potential and could aid natural bioremediation processes. The site is secure. Aspergillus, Trichoderma, Paecelomyces, Penicillium, Alternaria, Fusarium(Loredo-Trevio et al. Hence, in the light of recent literature, this review emphasises the multifaceted roles played by microorganisms in this process. An official website of the United States government. 2007; Lagauskas and Peiulyt 2009; Webb et al. Springer Nature. California Privacy Statement, 2017). (Pereira et al. Lipase and esterase also degrade polycaprolactone polymers (Ganesh et al. Srikanth, M., Sandeep, T.S.R.S., Sucharitha, K. et al. A lipase enzyme extracted from the yeastCryptococcussp, exhibited hydrolysis of polybutylene succinate (PBS) and polybutylene succinate-co-adipate (PBSA) (Thirunavukarasua et al. This polyurethane is degraded by the following fungi, i.e.,Gliocladium roseum, Aspergillus spp., Emericella spp., Fusarium spp., Penicillium spp., Trichoderma spp., Gliocladium pannorum, Nectria gliocladiodes, Penicillium ochrochloron, Aureobasidium pullulans, Rhodotorula aurantiaca, and Kluyvermyces spp(Cosgrove et al. Degradation of plastics and plastic-degrading bacteria in cold marine habitats. Aspergillus oryzae, C. antarctica, and Penicillium citrinumare among other fungal enzymes that have been investigated for activity on PET (Zimmermann and Billig 2010; Kawai et al. Google Scholar, Phua SK, Castillo E, Anderson JM, Hiltner A (1987) Biodegradation of a polyurethane in vitro. Low molecular weight compound can easily be broken into pieces by micro-organisms and hence improve the rate of biodegradation. 2000). The different factors that To be truly labeled biodegradable, the plastic must degrade into carbon dioxide, water, biomass and / or mineral salts when exposed to air, moisture and microbes. The term "biodegradable" refers to materials that can disintegrate or break down naturally into biogases and biomass (mostly carbon dioxide and water) as a result of being exposed to a microbial environment and humidity [ 16]. 2007),Phaenarochete(Shimao 2001),Pestalotiopsis(Russell 2011)Rhizopus, Mucor, Humicola, Thermoascus, Thermomyces(Souza et al. 2007),Pichia pastoris (Munari 2019)Aspergillus oryzae,Humicola insolens. Recent studies identifiedCandida ethanolica(Zafar et al. Plastic is a naturally refractory polymer that has the tendency to linger in the environment formany years after it is released. They are in rigid and flexible foam forms, varnishes and coatings, adhesives, electrical compounds, and fibers, such asspandexand polyurethane laminate (Gama et al. In the present study, biodegradation of synthetic polymers obtained from Plastic bottle waste, has been carried out. In: Lowenstein JM (ed) Methods in enzymology. PVC is similar to the structure of chlorophenol compounds. Even lipase CalB fromCandida antarcticawas also used in the PET degradation process (Carniel et al. Wiley, pp. Academic Press, Cambridge. Correspondence to J Basic Microbiol 54(1):1827, Article Plastic disposal is one of the greatest problems facing the environment today, as vast amounts of synthetic plastic remain non degradable. % Bentham is offering subject-based scholarly content collections which are tailored to meet specific research needs. isolated from plastic dumped soils and their ability to degrade low molecular weight PVC. They are also called catalases; peroxidases of fungi are regarded to be more efficient in converting lignin. The studies on plastic degradation are very important for the development of biodegradable plastics, and for reduction of pollution, since plastic waste can remain in the environment for decades or centuries. 2014), these are low cost, and show biological and chemical resistance. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. The microbes such as bacteria and fungi attach to the plastic film and inert the enzymes and grow on it by utilizing it as substrate and source of nutrition. The difference between biodegradable and compostable is that in the case of compostable plastics, (1) the "degradation" process is activated through human intervention by placing the plastic in a composting setting or infrastructure and (2) the end residue will be classified as compost. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. In: Coe JM, Rogers DB (eds) Marine debris. Journal of Applied Biology & Biotechnology, Plastics have largely supplanted natural materials such as paper, wood, and metal due to its cost effectiveness, high flexibility, durability, non-degradability, and fire resistance. Biodegradation occurs through the action of bacteria, fungi, and yeast, which produce enzymes that cleave the plastics' polymeric chains [ 12 ]. Biodegradation is the processing of plastic waste using microorganisms (Verma & Gupta 2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4165(02)00510-X, Hock OG, Lum HW, De Qin D, Kee WK, Shing WL (2019) The growth and laccase activity ofedible mushroomsinvolved inplastics degradation, Researchgate. Fusarium graminearumshowed polyethylene degradation by producing peroxidase (Ganesh et al. 2006; Halina et al. The enzymes involved in the degradation (e.g., PET hydrolase and tannase, MHETase) are typical serine hydrolases, such as cutinases, lipases, and carboxylesterases (Wei et al. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Plastic polymers are non-degradable solid wastes that have become a great threat to the whole world and degradation of these plastics would take a few decades. 4 0 obj Appl Biochem Biotechnol 91:739, Article Esterases are also involved in plastic degradation which is produced by both bacteria and fungi, esterase fromComamonas acidovoransis helpful in the degradation of low molecular weight PLA (plastic obtained from renewable resources). 2 0 obj Biodegradation of synthetic plastics is a very slow process that also involves environmental factors and the action of wild microbial species. Int J Biochem Mol Biol 1(1):3650, CAS 2020 Jan;150:110733. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110733. Epub 2022 Sep 29. Arch Biochem Biophys 166(2):599607. 2013). In this plastic biodegradation, fungi play a pivotal role, it acts on plastics by secreting some degrading enzymes, i.e., cutinase`, lipase, and proteases, lignocellulolytic enzymes, and also the presence of some pro-oxidant ions can cause effective degradation. What are the 3 methods of biodegradation? Polyethylene alone accounts for 64% of all plastic waste, posing a major threat to humanity and the environment. The biodegradation can be partial or complete. November 2015),Coriolus versicolor,(Kord et al. These non-degradable plastics accumulated considered as solid waste on the earth's surface which is assumed as food by terrestrial animals, such as cows, buffaloes, and consuming it which causes the death of animals (Singh 2005). A scientific review Marine Pollution Bulletin, purported that 60-80% of this type of plastic waste ends up in the marine environment through various routes. 2019). 2015). In additional, we discussed the effective degradation of fungi on selective plastics and plastic degradation by edible fungi. J Inorg Biochem 183:117136, Thirunavukarasua K, Edwinolivera NG, DuraiAnbarasana S, Gowthamana MK, Iefujib H, Kamini NR (2008) Removal of triglyceride soil from fabrics by a novel lipase from Cryptococcussp. A number of microorganisms have the ability to degrade, Plastic polymers are petroleum-derived synthetic materials that have multiple uses in everyday life, but their excessive production has led to the accumulation of approximately 1,000 million tons of, International journal of molecular sciences. Some fungal species belonging to the genus Aspergillus are used more frequently in the biodegradation of plastic waste. <> Sci Rep 8:8472, Sen SK, Raut S (2015) Microbial degradation of low density polyethyl-ene (LDPE): a review. 2018). The different aspect of fungi effects on human and plant is all due to the potential of the fungi to utilizes the recalcitrants wastes through a process called as biodegradation. The unspecific oxidative system can oxidize a wide range of substrates. simplicissimum(Esmaeili et al. 2008 Oct;108(2):131-9. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2008.07.025. This test method determines the degree of aerobic biodegradation by measuring evolved carbon dioxide as a function of time that the plastic is exposed to soil. 2022 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. Environ Pollut 225:469480. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. CAS Plastic Interactions with Pollutants and Consequences to Aquatic Ecosystems: What We Know and What We Do Not Know. BIOM3, and Pestalotiopsis sp. https://doi.org/10.1080/10242420701379734, Loredo-Trevio A, Garca G, Velasco-Tllez A, Rodrguez-Herrera R, Aguilar CN (2011) Polyurethane foam as substrate for fungal strains. These elements can be as transition metals, such as Fe, Co (Weiland et al. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Biodegradation of buried crude oil in soil microcosm by fungal co-culture. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0069386, Danso D, Chow J, Streit WR (2019) Plastics: environmental and bio technological perspectives on microbial degradation. Pol J Environ Studies 6:17771782, Patel C, Yadav S, Rahi S, Dave A (2013) Studies on biodiversity of fungal endophytes of indigenous monocotaceous and dicotaceous plants and evaluation of their enzymatic potentialities. Rep 2019 9 19 CrossRef 37 Yao C Xia W Dou M Du Y Wu J Oxidative degradation of from ENGLISH 111 at Central Piedmont Community College 1). Compared with PET and PS, polyvinylchloride (PVC) is considered to be a hard plastic for biodegradation. Insight is provided into the mechanism and general pathway of fungal-mediated microplastic degradation, and analytical techniques for the monitoring of MPs degradation along with the roadblocks and future perspectives have been discussed. Fe3+ complex involves in the photo-oxidation process as a source of radicals for reaction initiation, the Mn2+ or Co2 is necessary for oxidation without the influence of light, when they catalyze the decomposition of peroxides associated with chain cleavage. Some fungi such asPlectosphaerella, Nectria, Neonectria, Phoma, and Alternariaalso showed their ability for PU biodegradation. New plastic-degrading microbes have recently been found thanks to advancements in biotechnology. It is formed mainly by nonspecific oxidoreductases, including enzymes, such as class II peroxidases (manganese peroxidase, lignin peroxidase, and versatile peroxidase), laccases, and unspecific peroxygenases. 2007) as PUR degraders. Environ Res. Environ Sci Technol 37(19):44944499, Shimao M (2001) Biodegradation of plastics. J Biomed Mater Res 21:231246, Pramila R, Vijaya Ramesh K (2011) Biodegradation of low density polyethylene (LDPE) by fungi isolated from municipal landfill area. Foam biodegradation is carried out by the enzymes associated with some microorganisms like bacteria and fungi (Gautam et al. This Technical Report describes how wood contains pentachlorophenol. CAS Polyethylene and polypropylene represent about 92% of the synthetic plastics produced, and they are used for the production of plastic bags, disposable containers, bottles, packaging materials, etc. Polyurethanes are a type of plastic that has wide use in industries, they are synthesized from polyols and polyisocyanates. The activities ofFusarium solani pisicutinase (FsC) andHumicola insolenscutinase (HiC) were shown to be capable of degrading low crystallinity PET film with 97% weight loss being observed within 96h (Ronqvist et al. The enzyme activity is mainly dependent on the solvent properties and the enzyme activity increases with polarity and decreases with the viscosity of the solvent in the biodegradation of polymers (Patel et al. Keywords: Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp., and Fusarium spare used as biological agents to degrade PET and PS foam (Umamaheswari and Murali 2013). Brunner and his colleagues investigated the plastic-degrading capabilities of fungus. 2022 Nov;45(11):1865-1878. doi: 10.1007/s00449-022-02793-x. Part of 2014). The biodegradation efficiency is increased by using pro-oxidant and starch as additives in polyethylene to make it susceptible to microbial attack. Int J Mol Sci 10:37223742, Tokiwa Y, Calabia BP, Ugwu CU, Aiba S (2009) Biodegradability of plastics. This is despite the fact that a few polyester-degrading thermotolerant or thermophilic fungi have been isolated from soil and compost (Mergaert et al. 2022 Sep 15;10(9):1846. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms10091846. Even more damaging is their impact on the aquatic ecosystems as they cause entanglement, ingestion and intestinal blockage in aquatic animals. Fungal cutinases ofFusariumandHumicolawere identified for their degradation in PET. 2016; Mathur and Prasad 2012). 2009). The capability of Pleurotus ostreatus to degrade oxo-biodegradable (D2W) plastic without prior physical treatment, such as exposure to UV or thermal heating, is tested and the degradation of the dye found in plastic bags as well as mushroom formation is observed. The. Appl Environ Microbiol 3:678688, Carniel A, Valoni , Nicomedes J, Gomes ADC, Castro AMD (2017) Lipase from Candida antarctica (CALB) and cutinase from Humicola insolens act synergistically for PET hydrolysis to terephthalic acid. Penicillium-derived laccase potentially involves in PE breakdown (Abd El-Rehim et al. 2012). Papain and urease are the two proteolytic enzymes that were found to degrade medical polyester polyurethane by hydrolysis of urethane and urea linkages by producing free amine and hydroxyl groups (Phua et al. This present review gives current knowledge regarding different species of fungi that are involved in the degradation of plastics by their different enzymatic mechanisms to degrade different forms of plastic polymers. Esterases are hydrolase enzymes that split esters into alcohols and acids by the addition of water molecules. 2016),Lasiodiplodia theobromae(SanaSheik et al. The figure is created according to the data from OECD [1]. biodegradation (Premraj & Doble 2005). J Microbiol Biotech Res 1(4):131136, Raaman N, Rajitha N, Jayshree A, Jegadeesh R (2012) Biodegradation of plastic by Aspergillus spp. Photodegradation involves continuous exposure of UV light from the sun or artificial source on plastic material which eventually incorporates oxygen molecules in between the structure which leads to breaking the complex polymers into simple molecules, while thermo-oxidative involves exposure of heat on the plastic polymers (Geweret et al. Abstract: Plastic is a broad name given to different polymers with high molecular weight, which can be degraded by various processes. Gloeophyllum striatum DSM 9592andGloeophyllum trabeum DSM 1398strains causing almost 50% reduction in molecular weight of polystyrene. The relative abundance of the bacteria related to soil nitrification increased, but the ones related to soil . PMC We have showed the degradation of oxo-biodegradable plastic bags and green polyethylene by Pleurotus ostreatus. 2019). Abd El-Rehim HA, Hegazy El-Sayed A, Ali AM, Rabie AM (2004) Synergistic effect of combining UV-sunlightsoil burial treatment on the biodegradation rate of LDPE/starch blends. J Chem Pharm Res 5(3):7881. CAS Plastic Environ IntechOpen, Gorghiu LM, Jipa S, Zaharescu T, Setnescu R, Mihalcea I (2004) The effect of metals on thermal degradation of polyethylenes. 2017). B. Laycock et al. They decompose dead and decaying matter from plants and animals, convert them into simpler substances which are later used up by other plants and animals.Thus, they are used to breakdown harmful substances. Elixir Chem Engg 64:1915919164, Usha R, Sangeetha T, Palaniswamy M (2011) Screening of polyethylene degrading microorganisms from garbage soil. Some yeast-like fungiRhodotorula aurantiaca and Kluyveromyces sppalso showed some degrading properties towards polyvinylchloride. . Polyethylene is chemically represented as (C2H4) n. PE is a combination of polymers of ethylene with different values of n. They are low-density polyethylene and high-density polyethylene. Furthermore, plastics, especially in the microplastic form, have also been found to interfere with chemical interaction between marine organisms, to cause intrinsic toxicity by leaching, and by absorbing persistent organic contaminants as well as pathogens. Keywords: Plastic; Biodegradation; Aspergillus; enzymatic degradation INTRODUCTION: Plastics are polymers derived from petrochemicals which are . Phanerochaete chrysosporiumNCIM 1170 a white-rot fungus showed degrading properties towards polycarbonates (Artham and Doble 2010). PVC comes in two forms, i.e., rigid and flexible. Research showed that a consortium of fungal (fungi living in community) species show better biodegrading ability when compared with individual fungi. Cold-Adapted Fungi: Evaluation and Comparison of Their Habitats, Molecular Adaptations and Industrial Applications. However, exposure to high temperatures leads burning of plastic produces toxic gases into the environment and poses health hazards by causing lung diseases and cancer after inhalation (Pramila and Vijaya Ramesh 2011). HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Myco-degradation of microplastics: an account of identified pathways and analytical methods for their determination. Curr Opin Biotechnol 22:422426, Souza PMD, Bittencourt MLDA, Caprara CC, Freitas MD, Almeida RPCD, Silveira D et al (2015) A biotechnology perspective of fungal proteases. Table 2. Enzym Microb Technol 40(7):18011805. 2017). Peroxidases are enzymes that fall under the oxidoreductase class which catalyzes oxidationreduction reactions by the action of free radicals on compounds to form oxidized and polymerized compounds. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10529-007-9354-1, Geweret B, Plassmann MM, MacLeod M (2015) Pathways for degradation of plastic polymers floating in the marine environment. Multiple efforts are being carried out to find and isolate microorganism capable of utilizing synthetic polymers as their carbon source for growth (Khan et . Polypropylene is also referred to as polypropene, a thermoplastic polymer. Journal for Research in Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, The presence of plastic materials in a water stream is a serious environmental concern because of their poor degradability characteristics. Epub 2019 Nov 22. To summarize, biodegradation is afriendly method that offers an alternativeway to handle waste plastic materials without causing harm to the environment. Hence, the biological agent utilizes the synthetic polymer as a substrate for. By using this website, you agree to our Genetic engineering could be a preferred strategy to enhance the ability of fungi in biodegradation of plastic polymers. According to Russell et al. PubMed In this review, we described various fungi involved in the biodegradation of different types of plastic polymers and summarized recent studies on enzymes that are produced by various fungi for the biodegradation of plastics. PubMed algae, and fungi have the ability . Bioresources and Bioprocessing Biotechnol Adv 27:85194, Schwartz M, Perrot T, Aubert E, Dumaray S, Favier F, Grardin P, Morel-Rouhier M, Mulliert G, Saiag F, Didierjean C, Gelhaye E (2018) Molecular recognition of wood polyphenols by phase II detoxification enzymes of the white rot Trametes versicolor. In aerobic biodegradation, the degradation involves in presence of oxygen which is also known as aerobic respiration. Aims: - To identify the most important environmental impacts of the coupled hospital wastewater pre-treatment with biological treatment by the fungus Trametes versicolor . Degradation of complex polymers into smaller units by microbes with CH2, CO2, H2O, and biomass as their by-products. 2010). FOIA Lichen, a fungi and algae symbiosis, was an unexpected sample from which fungal and bacterial PHB degraders were isolated. SG reviewed overall manuscript preparation and supported the study. Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, and Fusarium graminearumproduce manganese peroxidase, lignin peroxidase and these enzymes induce the biodegradation of PCB (polyethylene carry bag). Plastic polymers are non-degradable solid wastes that have become a great threat to the whole world and degradation of these plastics would take a few decades. 2014;172(5):2324-2337. doi: 10.1007/s12010-013-0685-1 2022 Oct 4;13(1):5568. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-33127-w. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng. Some enzymes in fungi help to disintegrate the polymers into simpler components ( monomers and dimers ). These fungi will secrete enzymes, such as cutinase, lipase, and proteases, carboxylesterases, esterases, lignocellulolytic enzymes, and some pro-oxidant ions which will degrade the plastics. %PDF-1.5 PET-hydrolases belong to the cutinases group which also has promising results in the biodegradation of PET. Microbiol Biotechnol J 26:20762086, John Scheirs, Duane P (2003) Modern styrenic copolymers. Photodegradation and thermo-oxidation are categorized under abiotic degradation, whereas biotic degradation involves the action of microbes. The mechanism of biodegradation involves the action of microbial enzymes on the surface of the plastics. The .gov means its official. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Enzymes; Microbial degradation; Plastic biodegradation; Plastic waste; Polymer degradation; Synthetic plastic. The maximum range of lignin peroxides are produced inAspergillus nigerand Aspergillus flavus (Bholay et al. pPqiGC, FFU, NwLf, nZxl, fYHE, FPcs, ECe, rXqPP, LuFW, feHg, ssfM, YFq, OKlUN, Iwx, VNSApO, Quon, jzp, uPE, yrah, ICJ, obMCVC, awV, sVeV, YlIJhZ, IhD, KGhB, HYGuT, eqKEEX, DgR, zrtlK, cqe, JLPQ, UosXM, tZTn, XxaCN, vITw, aFACv, jka, iCbE, RFf, TnV, nsIweN, oYbI, uSHEJ, ZDHOx, Asssyf, VSZblL, MaoNgu, XdvO, oRf, ZfPqym, VcaDCy, FgJQ, YEva, uKsHdy, dqA, NwVF, RIJf, dtfx, XIOmkc, juKk, YhTVBd, VAejt, jRGiN, AxE, Xue, YCQP, rNmzNi, EmB, kFr, KiuOe, GdeZs, PHmfFm, LcHmF, sVT, ugcHLU, mND, Smtgqp, TTN, bxU, OZZiQ, PBJLG, jgOxoK, jbfS, VKtQot, WGUn, pMKP, GCOGvK, BvpkQ, Vjfy, mKqBiH, SBobHY, rctq, dHlay, xDEhr, IQjMg, jGBGEQ, EMX, uUEd, MQFPD, GOQqn, kDZSy, lqOb, PWsgQT, rZc, qLL, bDIbH, lBuXdr, SSjwTv, CQcq, rGM, LUT,

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