The blue whale, however, can weigh up to 330,000 pounds. The time of origin of whales and the role of behavioral changes in the terrestrialaquatic transition. Learn who you should contact when you encounter a stranded or injured marine animal. The position of the eyes, osteosclerosis of the limb bones, sedimentological data, and stable isotope data are consistent, and all suggest that pakicetids were waders in shallow freshwater. The rich fossil record that has emerged can now be used to enrich other subfields of evolutionary science, including developmental biology, comparative anatomy, and molecular systematics. The study of how organisms are related to each other is called phylogenetic inference, and hypotheses regarding phylogeny are indicated by a cladogram, a branching diagram that links more-and-more closely related groups as closer-and-closer branches. A remarkable video of this behavior is posted on www.youtube.com and is called Eagle versus Water Chevrotain (chevrotain is the French name for African mouse deer). Aslan A, Thewissen JGM. Correspondence to Gray whales become sexually mature between 6 and 12 years, with the average of maturity being about 8 to 9 years old. Indian Remingtonocetus probably lived in a muddy bay protected from the ocean by islands or peninsulas. Weight. It was a shallow stream, and the climate was hot and dry. Calves are typically born dark gray and lighten as they age to brownish-gray or light gray. To help you better understand just why the blue whale is the largest animal in the world, weve created images below that compare the blue whale versus some of the largest animals to ever live. Watch breaking news videos, viral videos and original video clips on CNN.com. Scotland news, UK and world news. The western stock is estimated to include fewer than 300 individuals based on photo-identification data collected off Sakhalin Island and southeastern Kamchatka, Russia. Up to 110 feet Lifespan. Newborn calves are approximately 14 to 16 feet long and weigh about 2,000 pounds. The second body type among basilosaurids is shorter, as short as 4m. These basilosaurids, called dorudontines (Uhen 1998), had dolphin-shaped bodies and swam by up-and-down motions of their tail fluke. Collisions with all sizes and types of vessels are one of the primary threats to marine mammals, particularly large whales. The average and maximum lifespan of gray whales is unknown, although one female was estimated at 75 to 80 years old after death. Even in Darwin's time, it was known that cetaceans had land ancestors, but fossils that recorded the transition from land to water were not known: all fossil whales bore great similarity to modern whales. I recently graduated from Wingate University with a Bachelor of Arts in English and a double minor in biology and professional and technical writing. Credit: NOAA Fisheries. In spite of this, cetaceans are mammals. 2006; Gingerich et al. Fishnet Stalkings! Thewissen JGM, Cooper LN, Clementz MT, Bajpai S, Tiwari BN. Bajpai SB, Thewissen JGM. We work with volunteer networks in all coastal states to respond to marine mammal strandings including all whales. a Outline ellipses and regression of body size (on x-axis, as 10-log in grams) against semicircular canal radius (on y-axis, as 10-log in mm) for modern land mammals (maroon) and modern cetaceans (blue). They were hunted for many years for their blubber and oil, and they were almost hunted to extinction. Manage cookies/Do not sell my data we use in the preference centre. Raoellid teeth are very different from those of early cetaceans, suggesting that a dietary shift took place after the habitat change and may have been critical in the early diversification of cetaceans but not in their entry into the water. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. This early whale has short and powerful legs, with five fingers in the hand and four toes in the foot. Theres no doubt that the megalodon was huge. Behind the Scenes of Mothicas Newest Mental Health-Based Track, Sensitive Take an exclusive look at the making of the singers latest track It was not until 2001 that skeletons of these whales were discovered (Thewissen et al. In: Prothero DR, Foss SE, editors. Your average blue whale size comparison to the male sperm whale weighs around 90,000 pounds or around 45 tons. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Northeastern Ohio Universities College of Medicine, Rootstown, OH, 44272, USA, School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, USA, Department of Wildlife Management, North Slope Borough, Box 69, Barrow, AK, 99723, USA, Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, 247 667, Uttarakhand, India, You can also search for this author in We will discuss these following the order of the cladogram. Gingerich PD, Smith BH, Simons EL. Here, we will present an overview of the most important players in the origin of cetaceans. Continuous Flow Centrifuge Market Size, Share, 2022 Movements By Key Findings, Covid-19 Impact Analysis, Progression Status, Revenue Expectation To 2028 Research Report - 1 min ago Struthers MD. New York: Plenum; 1998. p. 21334. Book List. This happened in 2007, when skeletons for raoellids were found in the Himalayas that were shown to be the closest relatives to whales (Thewissen et al. 2007). NOAA Fisheries Alaska Region has also created Marine Mammal Viewing Guidelines for reducing disturbance while watching whales, sea lions, seals, dolphins, and porpoise from boats, planes, and helicopters. This feature makes the bones heavy, and heavy bones make running on land more difficult. This thickened wall is called the involucrum and is present in all cetaceans, fossil and recent. Google Scholar. Learn more amazing facts about these amazing creatures with National Geographic Kids. Several skulls were discovered for Indohyus (Fig. Enjoy straightforward pricing and simple licensing. It appears most likely that Ambulocetus was an ambush predator, attacking prey that came close to it but not pursuing it over long distances. Article Basilosaurids are like most mammals in that there are only three phalanges per finger, whereas in modern cetaceans this number is commonly increased. Science. From mid-February to May, eastern North Pacific gray whales can be seen migrating northward along the U.S. West Coast. We recommend that operators of large vessels do the following to help reduce the risk of ship strikes: Admiring whales from a distance is the safest and most responsible way to view them in their natural habitat. Weight. Hulbert RC Jr. Postcranial osteology of the North American middle Eocene protocetid Georgiacetus. Your average blue whale size comparison to the male sperm whale weighs around 90,000 pounds or around 45 tons. Evolutionary history of cetaceans: a review. Collisions between whales and large vessels often go unnoticed and unreported, even though whales can be injured or killed, and vessels can sustain damage. We thank the Alaska Eskimo Whaling Commission and the Barrow Whaling Captains Association for access to specimens and contributing to their scientific study. Protocetids are known from low latitudes of Asia, Africa, Europe, and North America, and it is likely that they had a worldwide distribution in the middle Eocene between 49 and 40 million years ago (Gingerich et al. Exhibitionist & Voyeur 07/31/18: Detective Pornstar Ch. All rights reserved. Bathtub Size and Different Types: What are bathtub dimensions? They are primarily bottom feeders that consume a wide range of benthic (sea floor) and epibenthic (above the sea floor) invertebrates, such as amphipods. Protocetids such as Babiacetus have heavy jaws (Fig. Morphological support for a close relationship between hippos and whales. There is an ongoing Gray Whale Unusual Mortality Event, and the species has experienced unusual mortality events in the past. The eyes are always large (unlike remingtonocetids), face laterally (unlike pakicetids and some remingtonocetids), and are set far from the midline of the skull under a thick flat skull roof called the supraorbital shield (unlike ambulocetids, pakicetids, and some remingtonocetids). Look for blows, dorsal fins, tail flukes, etc. The Atlantic blue marlin (Makaira nigricans) is a species of marlin endemic to the Atlantic Ocean. Covering all the latest headlines and full reports NOAA Fisheries is investigating all aspects of acoustic communication and hearing in marine animals, as well as the effects of sound on whale behavior and hearing. Internet Explorer lacks support for the features of this website. Know where whales occur (habitat). The former species were larger and had larger eyes (Fig. While that seems ginormous (and it certainly is), it is dwarfed by the blue whales heart, which weighs up to 400 pounds and is about the size of a bumper car! Unknown Blue Whale. The skeleton of A. natans (H-GSP 18507) had a large pelvis that supported the animal as it walked on land, but the tail and hind limbs were used during swimming (http://www.neoucom.edu/DEPTS/ANAT/publ.html, J.G.M. The ectotympanic of Indohyus has a thickened internal lip, a powerful indicator that Indohyus is closely related to cetaceans. So not only are blue whales almost double the size of sperm whales, but theyre also almost triple the weight. Remingtonocetids and all cetaceans higher on the cladogram have small canals, but pakicetids have large canals. Also, if the tank is long sideways and is on its side, then just replace the height by length. Skulls and skeletons are known for a single raoellid: Indohyus (Thewissen et al. Collisions can also injure passengers. Big or small, furry or scaly, we love pets and we know you do too. We continue to monitor the abundance and calf production of the stock, especially in light of recent climatic changes occurring in their arctic feeding grounds. 2001b). Williams EM. So not only are blue whales almost double the size of sperm whales, but theyre also almost triple the weight. The branching of the cetacean groups on this cladogram is consistent with most recent work (Thewissen et al. These mammals are found in all the world's oceans and often swim in small groups or alone. Two isotopes, forms of elements that are chemically identical but have heavier atoms because of excess neutrons in the nucleus, are common in nature: Oxygen-16 and Oxygen-18 (where the number reflects the mass of the atom). Cetacea (/ s t e /; from Latin cetus 'whale', from Ancient Greek () 'huge fish, sea monster') is an infraorder of aquatic mammals that includes whales, dolphins, and porpoises.Key characteristics are their fully aquatic lifestyle, streamlined body shape, often large size and exclusively carnivorous diet. Although, it might be a bit hard to find a saddle big enough to fit one of these massive sea critters. On the rudimentary hind limb of the great fin-whale (Balaenoptera musculus) in comparison with those of the humpback whale and the Greenland Right Whale. Get information on latest national and international events & more. Gorgeous Drone Footage Shows Some Enormous Great, Whale Size Comparison: How Big are Different, Watch: Humpback Whale Saves a Diver from Massive Tiger Shark, Humpback Whale Attempts To Eat Two Kayakers in California, Incredible Reflexes Save Diver From Massive Whale About To Eat Her, Watch a Huge Whale Majestically Swim With Two Paddle-Boarders, Gorgeous Drone Footage Shows Some Enormous Great Whites Near California Coast, Watch a Black Lab Narrowly Outswim Two Killer Whales in New Zealand. of the skeleton of Ambulocetus are similar to those of river otters (Thewissen and Fish 1997). Fish are a paraphyletic group that describes aquatic of the Indo-Pacific, the Atlantic blue marlin (Makaira nigricans) and the Indo-Pacific blue marlin (Makaira mazara). Delivery trucks can provide a refill service for an ample sized tank used for residential purposes. Rod Stewart's Son, 11, Rushed to Hospital After Turning Blue and Unconscious at Soccer Match The musician noted that his son had a panic attack which he initially thought was a heart attack Rod Stewart is opening up about a recent health scare with his 11-year-old son. In: Mazin J-M, Buffrnil VD, editors. Blue whales are able to breathe air, but they are very comfortable in the ocean waters where buoyancy helps to support their incredible bulk. The postcranial skeleton of pakicetid cetaceans. If you were to take a blue whale from the ocean and place it onto the average professional baseball field, they would be a little bit longer than the distance from home plate to first base. Unlike earlier archaeocetes, which all had 11 teeth per half jaw (44 teeth in all), basilosaurids had lost one tooth in each upper jaw, bringing their total number to 42. Most modern cetaceans have a relatively stiff neck, and it is likely that this reflex, if present at all, cannot stabilize the head because the neck is already relatively immobile. 2002). The whale shark and basking shark exceed all other fish by a considerable margin in weight and length. Gray whales are vulnerable to vessel strikes because they feed and migrate along the U.S. West Coast, which has some of the worlds heaviest vessel traffic associated with some of the largest ports in the country. Thewissen JGM, Hussain ST, Arif M. Fossil evidence for the origin of aquatic locomotion in archaeocete whales. PubMedGoogle Scholar. The red line indicates the distance, projected on the midline, between the middle of the orbit (eye) and the mandibular fossa (jaw joint). Externally, pakicetids look nothing like a modern cetacean. 2007;450:11905. The marrow cavity of the femur of Ambulocetus makes up 57% of the cross section of the bone. 1996;36:62841. Nature. While Indian localities suggestive of a muddy lagoon with abundant plant growth (Bajpai et al. Determining the size of gray whale populations helps resource managers gauge the success of NOAA Fisheries conservation measures. A new protocetid whale (Cetacea, Archaeoceti) from the late middle Eocene of South Carolina. Cetacea includes one of the largest species of animal ever, the blue whale (27m in length, 136,000kg) but also has some very small modern representatives, e.g., the vaquita (1.4m in length, 42kg). Learn more about the Marine Mammal Health and Stranding Response Program. Blue Whale Size Comparison: Just How Big is the Biggest Animal in the World? J Vert Pal. All hell breaks loose. These are clear signs of their mammalian heritage. About 90,000 pounds Length. Google Scholar. NOAA works with the U.S. Coast Guard, industry representatives, and the NOAA Weather Service to prevent strikes by alerting mariners of the presence of large whales to raise awareness and help prevent strikes. Heavy Weight The model ended up being 10 tons, including the weight of the polyurethane plastic, the fiberglass coating, and 600 pounds of paint. Our work strives to protect gray whales by: Our research projects have helped us better understand gray whales and the challenges they face. Whales originated from aquatic artiodactyls in the Eocene epoch of India. Both remingtonocetids and protocetids are found in the same areas of India, Eye size in cetaceans and extinct marine reptiles (ichthyosaurs; modified from Thewissen and Nummela (2008), University of California Press). For example, protocetids are diverse and many of them are poorly known, and the evolution of some organ systems (e.g., vision) is poorly understood (Thewissen and Nummela 2008). So not only are blue whales almost double the size of sperm whales, but theyre also almost triple the weight. The largest collection of pakicetid fossils is known from the Kala Chitta Hills of Northern Pakistan, from a site called H-GSP Locality 62. . Only a few thousand blue whales are believed to swim the world's oceans. Raoellids are only known from Pakistan and western India and are restricted to the lower and middle Eocene, approximately between 55 and 45 million years ago. Isotopic approaches to understanding the terrestrial to marine transition of the earliest cetaceans. Swimming may have been a combination of paddling with the hind limbs and dorsoventral undulations of the tail. Gray whales are frequently observed traveling alone or in small, mostly unstable groups. 1997;25:26177. In 1999, NOAA Fisheries conducted a review of the status of the eastern North Pacific stock of gray whales (PDF, 106 pages) and recommended the continuation of its classification as non-threatened based on the continued growth of the population. Deciphering whale origins with molecules and fossils. Hand and foot of the protocetid Rodhocetus (modified from Gingerich et al. In the forelimb, basilosaurids resemble modern cetaceans, in that their elbow joint is not separately mobile and their hand webbed with individual digits not recognizable (Uhen 2004). This affects the attachment of the masticatory muscles but also the path of the nerves going to eyes and nose. Gray whales are known for their curiosity toward boats in some locations and are the focus of whale watching and ecotourism along the west coast of North America. While we believe that there are some benefits to this view, we lean against it. Springer Nature. 1st ed. Therefore, externally, remingtonocetids may have resembled enormous otters with long snouts (www.neoucom.edu/DEPTS/ANAT/Thewissen/whale_origins/whales/Remi.html). Therefore, skeletons of pakicetids are composites based on bones from a number of different individuals, identified based on their size, their similarity to other primitive whales, the chemical composition of the bones, and the relative abundance at their locality. In pakicetids, the eyes faced upward, whereas in Ambulocetus, they face toward the sides, although they are still located high on the skull (Nummela et al. West Coast, On April 5, 2019, we published a proposed rule to issue a waiver of the MMPA take moratorium, a critical step in an agency decision about whether to authorize the Makah Indian Tribe to resume limited treaty-based hunting of eastern North Pacific (ENP), NOAA Fisheries announces its intent to conduct 5-year reviews for the endangered fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus), the endangered gray whale (Eschrichtius robustus) Western North Pacific distinct population segment (DPS), and the endangered sei whale , The Service is amending the List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants (List) by revising the entry for the gray whale (Eschrichtius robustus) to remove the eastern North Pacific (California) population from the List while retaining the, Incidental Take Authorization: United States Coast Guard's Floating Dock Extension Project at Base Ketchikan, Alaska, Incidental Take Authorization: Hilcorp Alaska LLC Oil and Gas Activities in Cook Inlet, Alaska, Incidental Take Authorization: Chevron Point Orient Wharf Removal in San Francisco Bay, California, Incidental Take Authorization: City of Seattle Pier 63 Removal Project, Seattle, WA, Stay informed of all the latest regional news around NOAA Fisheries. Read latest breaking news, updates, and headlines. ; Propane tank weight. Part of Beginning in the mid-1930s, gray whales were protected under a commercial hunting ban adopted by the League of Nations. ; the propane content and BTU content in 1 tank How many BTUs in a 20 lb to 100 gallon propane tank? The .gov means its official. Madar SI. 2006). Numerous organizations around the country are trained and ready to respond. Ectotympanic bones of Pakicetus and the modern dolphin Lagenorhynchus. In: Miller DE, editor. Gray whales have a mottled gray body with small eyes located just above the corners of the mouth. Thewissen). Proc US Natl Mus. This suggests the snout is only weakly attached to the skull. In other regards, these three groups are dissimilar. Isotopic records from early whales and sea cows: contrasting patterns of ecological transition. CREATE A FOLLOWING Tribune Content Agency builds audience Our content engages millions of readers in 75 countries every day Whale watching has become an important recreational industry in several communities along the North American coast from British Columbia, Canada, to the gray whale wintering lagoons of Baja California, Mexico. Refill prescriptions online, order items for delivery or store pickup, and create Photo Gifts. These embryos are not drawn to scale. After all, with humans only weighing a few hundred pounds, it can be hard to wrap your head around something that weighs the same as thousands of humans. Thewissen. It is possible that these relatives are also closely related to hippopotamids, which would make molecular and morphological phylogenies consistent. Berkeley: Univ Calif Press; 2008. p. 25786. Although echolocation and filter feeding are important evolutionary themes of odontocetes and mysticetes, respectively, both of these suborders are diverse, feeding on different prey and using different hunting techniques. The largest megalodon ever would be estimated to be around 250,000 pounds. The organ of balance is located in the petrosal, a bone attached to the ectotympanic. 19). And even though modern cetaceans have bodies fully adapted for life in water, traces of their land ancestry are still present in cetacean embryos: modern cetaceans lack hind limbs, but their embryos still have the beginnings of hind limbs. Cookies policy. The feet are much larger than the hands. The Atlantic blue marlin (hereafter, blue marlin) feeds on a wide variety of organisms near the Many features that are common in land mammals have changed in the evolutionary process that led to cetaceans. Before sharing sensitive information online, make sure youre on a .gov or .mil site by inspecting your browsers address (or location) bar. About 90,000 pounds Length. This implies that pakicetids ate different food and processed it differently from raoellids and that they had different sense organs. Menu. Palaeovert. 2001; www.neoucom.edu/DEPTS/ANAT/Thewissen/whale_origins/whales/Pakicetid.html). 2006) abound in some remingtonocetids, protocetids are usually found in clearer water deposits that are more exposed to wave action. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12052-009-0135-2, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12052-009-0135-2. In spite of this, some species retain a few hairs on their face and in others the fetus has whiskers (Fig. The wear facets (indicated by patterns of reflected light) may indicate that pakicetids were eating fish, Differences in skull architecture between Indohyus (RR 207) and Pakicetus (H-GSP 96231). Before sharing sensitive information online, make sure youre on a .gov or .mil site by inspecting your browsers address (or location) bar. Fish are a paraphyletic group that describes aquatic of the Indo-Pacific, the Atlantic blue marlin (Makaira nigricans) and the Indo-Pacific blue marlin (Makaira mazara). Platforms, pipelines, and other types of infrastructure construction activities have the potential of impacting gray whale prey communities. While its a close call in terms of length, it would take around 11 brontosauruses to balance the scale with a single adult male blue whale! In the late middle Eocene, around 41 million years ago, a new kind of cetacean emerged, the first one that resembles modern cetaceans: Basilosauridae (Uhen 1998). In: Thewissen JGM, editor. Photograph by Richard Fitzer, Shutterstock. Science. In Georgiacetus, the only limb element known is the pelvis, and it appears to not have been connected to the vertebral column, suggesting that these limbs could not support the animal's weight. Have some feedback for us? Nummela S, Thewissen JGM, Bajpai S, Hussain ST, Kumar K. Eocene evolution of whale hearing. Fishing continues to define our culture today, with lobsters, sea scallops, crabs, and a variety of fish filling our menus and attracting tourists from all over the world. Variation in the skeleton behind the skull is hard to assess because these bones are only known in a few species, specifically Rodhocetus and Artiocetus from Pakistan (Gingerich et al. BioSci. From Land to Water: the Origin of Whales, Dolphins, and Porpoises. The stream bed broke up into shallow pools most of the year, and water was only flowing during the rainy periods. There are three genera of pakicetid whales, Ichthyolestes, Pakicetus, and Nalacetus, and skulls for all of these have been found at Locality 62 (Fig. Privacy Article A major part of the organ of balance consists of three circular tubes, arranged in three planes that are at right angles to each other (Fig. Aurora meets the little Mermaid. Federal government websites always use a .gov or .mil domain. Watch your speed in areas of known marine mammal occurrence. The involucrum is not present in other mammals, except for one: Indohyus (Fig. Your email address will not be published. Nature. When you think about prehistoric dinosaurs, brontosaurus might be one of the largest ones that come to mind. A point of similarity among protocetids is the position and size of the eyes, which differentiates them from earlier cetaceans (Nummela et al. Habitat modification and degradation, such as that resulting from offshore oil and gas development may affect gray whale foraging habitat off Sakhalin Island, Russia. 2002;417:1636. I'm a writer with almost five years of experience. In fact, its the largest toothed predator and even the largest toothed whale. For many of these, no complete skeletons are known, but it appears clear that protocetids were a diverse family, with great variety in such features as snout length and ear morphology. 2006). 1997; Bajpai and Thewissen 1998; Gingerich et al. Here are some interesting facts about whale sharks, including where they live, what they eat, and where to see them. Hind flippers present in a single anomalous dolphin housed at the Taiji Whale Museum, Diagram showing the approximate location of the pelvis and hind limb of a male bowhead whale (Balaena mysticetus) in (A) lateral view and (B) dorsal view. Fetus of the pantropical dolphin (LACM 94389, Stenella attenuata) with whiskers along the rostrum. We thank the Geological Survey of Pakistan for collaborating in collecting and studying Pakistani fossils and for logistic support, and Dr. S. Taseer Hussain for his leadership of the Howard University-Geological Survey of Pakistan project. The great length of the vertebral column of basilosaurids can be attributed to the increase in the number of lumbar vertebrae in the taxon but also by the increase in length of each individual vertebra. One hearing-related feature is the size of the mandibular foramen, a perforation of the lower jaw behind the teeth. Univ Michigan Pap Pal. The impacts of climate change on baleen whales are unknown, but it is considered one of the largest threats facing high latitude regions where many gray whales forage. Although the cause often remains unknown, scientists can sometimes attribute strandings to disease, harmful algal blooms, vessel strikes, fishing gear entanglements, pollution exposure, and underwater noise. J Vert Pal. The quantity of propane that they can contain is shown in kilograms and pounds.Tank SizeDimensionsPropane (Kg)Propane (Pounds)Micro171524.5Mini202136.6A39274.510Patio5027920B54321226.5C71321840D91322453E1253845100EE1305390200. 11). 1st ed. Members of the The San Diego Union-Tribune Editorial Board and some local writers share their thoughts on 2022. Learn more about us & read our affiliate disclosure. They were protected under the 1966 International Whaling Convention and are now considered to be an endangered species. Not sure how heavy that is? Nature. Average 2 Car Garage Size: what is the size of a 2 car garage? 1994), it is now generally accepted that protocetids lacked a fluke (Gingerich et al. 1994, 2001b; Fig. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Univ Pr; 2007. p. 1931. 2007). Even though all modern cetaceans are obligate aquatic mammals, early cetaceans were amphibious, and their ancestors were terrestrial artiodactyls, similar to small deer. Talk about a fish out of water! Fish are a paraphyletic group that describes aquatic of the Indo-Pacific, the Atlantic blue marlin (Makaira nigricans) and the Indo-Pacific blue marlin (Makaira mazara). 1999;96:102616. Up to 330,000 pounds Length. Topshop at ASOS. These include: Of these, the Antarctic blue whales are the largest, being known to weigh around 330,000 pounds or 165 tons. In modern bowhead whales (pictured here is the pelvis of an adult male, B. mysticetus, 98B5), the acetabulum and obturator foramen are lost and the ilium is reduced. One feature that is a strong indicator of this relationship is the shape of one of the bones of the ear. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Sci-Fi & Fantasy 05/15/22: Detective Pornstar Ch: 7 Part Series: Detective Pornstar Ch. Pakicetids are related to artiodactyls, as was shown by the cladistic analysis (Gatesy and O'Leary 2001; Geisler et al. 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