Such structure regulates the interactions among members of the society, providing guidelines within the cultural norms for achieving the goals defined by cultural values. As early as 1967, Singer described in his experimental results that depending on the geometry, axisymmetric, or checkerboard, buckling patterns can show up as the failure pattern. In. . As a classical problem in the field of mechanics, the stability of cylindrical shells has been studied extensively. . ; Qiao, P. Post buckling of buried geodetically stiffened pipelines under combined external pressure and axial compression. permission is required to reuse all or part of the article published by MDPI, including figures and tables. most exciting work published in the various research areas of the journal. Singer, J.; Rosen, A. Shell structuresare also called platestructures. Many researchers have conducted extensive research on the stability of cylindrical shells under axial compressions: a classic problem in mechanics. and H.P. This item has already been added to the shopping cart and cannot be added again. ; Ambur, D.R. The item was successfuly added to the shopping cart. The influence of boundary conditions on the buckling of stiffened cylindrical shells. Formulation of an improved smeared stiffener theory for buckling analysis of grid-stiffened composite panels. These types of Shell structures have a span capacity of upto 50m.The barrel vaults are concrete thin shells that mainly consist of the cylinder, frame at its ends including columns. They also have a frame of wood or metal that supports ashellof brick or concrete. 2022. For further investigation of stiffened cylindrical shell structures, computer analysis is an essential research tool because in fact, computer analysis is nowadays on the same footing as laboratory experiments, and computer packages play a role comparable to that of testing machines [. 8. Get Traffic & Exposure. ; Hhne, C.; Elishakoff, I. Probabilistic and deterministic lower-bound design benchmarks for cylindrical shells under axial compression. The overall thickness of the shell is very thin due to its properties. We can call shell structure as concrete egg or . Thank you so much , the information is clear and straight forward. The deformation in the thin-shell structure is smaller in comparison to the thickness. Again, we are working with a solid of revolution. In civil engineering, the shell Structure is a curved outer membrane that is used as a roof cover in buildings. The main difference between shell structures and plate structures is that within the unstable state, the shell structures have curvature, unlike the plate structures which can be flat. See further details. A structural membrane or shell is a curved surface structure. Short shells : Short shells are those with a short period length. To keep the indoor temperature manageable, the concept used mobile triangular panels that moved around the inner surface in the direction of the light. The cylindrical shell is a widely used structure in engineering practice, and its main form of failure is instability due to buckling. Knoedel, P.; Ummenhofer, T.; Schulz, U. The shell structures are categorized into various types which are as follows. To enhance the bearing capacity of steel shells, classical solutions consider internal or external metallic stiffeners (stringers and/or rings) welded or riveted to the shell. Semi ellipse, parabola, arch circle, cycloid catenary, horse-shoe shape are the example of some common cylindrical shells.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'constructionor_com-medrectangle-4','ezslot_6',109,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-constructionor_com-medrectangle-4-0'); Multiple cylindrical shells is a series of cylindrical shells that are parallel and transversely continuous. It is that carboxyl group that makes it an acid (carboxylic acid). Shell structures are used worldwide for their unique aesthetical views. It is essentially the roof covering framework. progress in the field that systematically reviews the most exciting advances in scientific literature. This structure maintains its size and support load, even without a frame or solid mass material inside. This study investigated the unique dynamic buckling of a closed cylindrical shell subjected to a far-field side-on UNDEX shock wave using a three-dimensional numerical simulation based on acoustic-structural arithmetic. They are lightweight constructions usingshellelements. 9. The material which is generally used and suitable for the construction of the shell structure is concrete. Cylindrical shells are used in many fields due to their special geometric configuration, including silos and tanks (see. While flexural deformation can result in secondary forces, membrane activity in shell structures is primarily caused by plane stress. It is usually built by a sequence of edge arches or vaults via a continuous shield. Long shells : Where the period length is greater than the width, the shell shape is referred to as a long shell. When the cement is mixed with water it will take the shape of centering and once it gets hardened, the shell membrane will act as a strong and Rigid shell structure. Jaunky, N.; Knight, N.F. The arrows indicate the location of the impact load, and the bottom of the cylinder structure is fixed . Lanzi, L. A numerical and experimental investigation on composite stiffened panels into post-buckling. Kanemitsu, S.; Nojima, N.M. Axial Compression Test of Thin Circular Cylinders. Ph.D. Thesis, Universitt Hannover, Hannover, Germany, 1991. In naval warfare, underwater explosion (UNDEX) shock waves significantly influence the stability and safety of the pressure hull structure of the equipment. | Reinforcement in Heat Resisting Concrete | Properties of Heat Resisting Concrete | Application of Heat Resisting Concrete | Advantages & Disadvantages of Heat Resisting Concrete, What Is Super Elevation? Flgge, W. Die Stabilitt der Kreiszylinderschale. Moments and Stresses of cylindrical shell structure are significant when the semi central angle is 40 degree and thickness of shell is 80mm. Feature Papers represent the most advanced research with significant potential for high impact in the field. 227250. Ring stiffeners can contribute to a significant increase in resistance to wind and negative pressure. Good and straight forward detailed information, The explanation is short clear and understanded. Research in the 1960s and 1970s showed that stiffeners also increased axial compression. You are accessing a machine-readable page. Inturtles, the ribs and vertebrae grow into the outer skin layers and connect together like tectonic plates, forming asolid shell. Ph.D. Thesis, Fachbereich Bauwissenschaften der Fakultt Ingenieurwissenchaften, Universitt Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany, 2008. Shell structure, in building construction, a thin, curved platestructure shaped to transmit applied forces by compressive, tensile, and shear stresses that act in the plane of the surface. | How to Calculate Lap Length? The structural effectively of the intersection shell is dependent upon the angle of intersection of the surface.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'constructionor_com-large-leaderboard-2','ezslot_12',112,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-constructionor_com-large-leaderboard-2-0'); If the angle is small, a rib fanned by adjacent elements of the original shell is much larger than the adjacent shell on each side. In the thin-shell structure, the deformation is not as large compared to the thickness.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[320,50],'constructionor_com-medrectangle-3','ezslot_7',108,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-constructionor_com-medrectangle-3-0');if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[320,50],'constructionor_com-medrectangle-3','ezslot_8',108,'0','1'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-constructionor_com-medrectangle-3-0_1');.medrectangle-3-multi-108{border:none!important;display:block!important;float:none!important;line-height:0;margin-bottom:7px!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important;margin-top:7px!important;max-width:100%!important;min-height:50px;padding:0;text-align:center!important}. These types of structures are generally joined along their edges to construct the three-dimensional structure. [. 1995. Available online: Odland, J. Buckling Resistance of Unstiffened and Stiffened Circular Cylindrical Shell Structures. Li, H.; Dong, B.; Zhao, J.; Zou, Z.; Zhao, S.; Wang, Q.; Han, Q.; Wang, X. Nonlinear free vibration of functionally graded fiber-reinforced composite hexagon honeycomb sandwich cylindrical shells. Bushnell, D. Panda-interactive program for minimum weight design of stiffened cylindrical panels and shells. Also Read:What Is Lap Length? Length Effect. Design of Cylindrical Concrete Shell Roofs, Manual . Beryl. Sci. Curves have different shapes such as circles, ellipse, and parabola therefore vertical segments are all the same as opposed to a round dome in which all vertical segments differ in height. It may cause the local buckling of the ring-stiffened cylindrical shells. It is highly efficient structurally when it is so shaped, proportioned, and supported that it transmits the loads without bending or twisting. they are very efficient structures because they use the arch form to reduce stresses and thicknesses in the transverse direction. Also, Read:What Is Coarse Aggregate | Requirements of Good Coarse Aggregates | Uses of Coarse Aggregates | Classification of the Aggregates. This means that inturtles, unlike crocodiles, the outershell is actually integrated into the rest of the skeleton. The shell construction is common in both nature and classical architecture. For unstiffened cylinders, while many different possible buckling shapes can initiate failure at the identical load, ring stiffeners limit the possible failure modes. This type of In comparison to frame structures, they're lighter, thinner, and the strength lies onto the outer surface. The north light shell in which two springing are provided at different levels is called the north light shell. The thickness of the folded plate is only 60 mm. The aim is to provide a snapshot of some of the Shell structures have very high stiffness. Disclaimer/Publishers Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely https://doi.org/10.3390/app122211665, Pasternak H, Li Z, Juozapaitis A, Daninas A. ; supervision, H.P., A.J. There are three maintypes of shell roof: the single barrelshell, multi barrelshelland the continuous barrel. These shells are the primary structural component of both aquatic and airborne systems. | Lap Length in Beam | Why Lapping Is Provided? The Method of Cylindrical Shells. The obvious advantage of the folded plate dome is that the surfaces are easier to form because they are flat. Buckling of thin shells: Recent advances and trends. A truss is a structure that consists of members organised into connected triangles so that the overall assembly behaves as a single object. As a classical problem in the field of mechanics, the stability of cylindrical shells has been studied extensively. In building construction, a shell structure is a thin, curved plate structure shaped to transmit applied forces by compressive, tensile, and shear stresses that act in the plane of the surface. The Barrel vault is one of the commonly used shell structures because of its greater span capacity. In particular . Hello, I'm Rahul Patil founder of Constructionor.com, I had studied B.E. We use cookies on our website to ensure you get the best experience. The main advantages of reinforced concrete shell structures are the following: their efficient resistant mechanism allows that the maximum structural advantage, in terms of both internal forces and displacements, is obtained with a minimum of materials; their architectonic value is characterized by being able to cover large columns-free areas with an aesthetical and functional structure. The shape is different from a spherical dome and is generated by a vertical circle moving on another circle. The resistance of thestructure depends on its form. In: Stahlbau, v. 49, n. 12 (December 1980) . They are usually lighter than frame structures. | What Is Hand Level? a folded plate may be formed for about the same cost as a horizontal . The acoustical properties of a structure with plane surfaces are much better since the sound rays do not come to focus. Arbocz, J.; Starnes, J.H. This has led to a variety of forms for initial imperfections in cylindrical shells. Nowadays, theoretical explanations for the sensitivity of geometrical imperfections and the post-buckling properties of the stiffened and unstiffened shell structure have been presented. Folded plates are one of the best attractive structure which required very less material and construction cost. On the modelling of different types of imperfections in silo shells. Usually these curved elements are assembled. cylindrical shell combined with spherical shell tension tie : 29. types of shell structures: the distinguishing feature of the folded plate is the ease in forming plane surfaces. Sound structure, syllable structure, morphology. Buckling analysis of cylindrical shells with random geometric imperfections. However, with outside stiffeners, eccentricity has almost no influence, as the cylindrical shell tends to fail with an axisymmetric buckling shape. However, the references to the ring-stiffened cylindrical shells under axial compression are by far not as comprehensive as those of the axially pressure-loaded isotropic cylinder. Atranslation shell is a dome set on four arches. Like this post? The world-famous thin-shell building, the Sydney Opera House, has spectacular architectural views. Institute of Civil and Structural Engineering, Brandenburg University of Technology, Platz der Deutschen Einheit 1, 03046 Cottbus, Germany, Institut fr Bauingenieurwesen, Technische Universitt Berlin, G.-Meyer-Alle 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany, Department of Steel and Composite Structures, Vilnius Gediminas Technical UniversityVilnius Tech, Saultekio al. Cylindrical Barrel Vault of Shell Structure. This is a kind of shell in which the stationary cure, known as directrix, or the moving curve, known as generatrix, is a straight line. The disadvantage of shell structure is their cost. All of these objects are strong and hollow. Analysis of cylindrical shell structures ijaerdv04i0493361. Civil. Expo 67 Montreal, United States Pavilion is the 250 foot diameter by 200 foot high dome approximates a three-quarter sphere, while geodesic domes prior to 1967 were hemispherical. This characteristic may be enough to make the folded plate dome superior to the curved dome for use in an auditorium. The resulting construction can be extremely strong and safe; for example, modern monolithic dome houses have withstood hurricanes and fires. As mentioned above, cylindrical shells have a wide field of applications in many areas of engineering. Also, Read:Kerbs In Roads | Types of Kerbs | Shape of Kerbs | Materials of Kerbs in Roads | Kerb Height | What Is Kerb Stone | Materials of Kerb Stone | Road Kerb Details. Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. A shell is the most effective way to use the material and can be very useful for fluid and solid storage (uniform loads). Wagner, H.N.R. Theory of Shell Structures - May 1983. The shell structure is a thin curved membrane or a slab that is usually made from the reinforced cement concrete. Concrete shell roofs are widely used in the construction field for reasons concerning aesthetic appearance or achieving an economical design of a building with large spans. The north light shell is described as a shell with two springing at different stages. ; investigation, Z.L., H.P., A.J. Common hexagonal crystals: However, barrel shells with a constant thickness are extremely vulnerable to concentrated loads. Types of Shell Structure. Shells are used mostly in two ways in civil engineering: industrial systems such as. Like this post? [. In a nutshell, a translation shell is a square dome whose form is formed by a curve moving along another curve. History of this cylindrical shell structure Such structural ideas maybe taken from nature such as shell of a tortoise , a human skull etc. Moreover, more recent measurement studies [, In practical constructions, the ring-stiffened tanks are typically used as agricultural and industrial storage tanks (e.g., by the Lipp company, Tannhausen, Germany), in the biogas industry, as shown in. In addition to all other structural types, analytical formulas are very complex and difficult. Thin cylindrical shell structures can show interesting bistable behaviour. apatite. Li, H.; Lv HZhang, T.; Han, Q.; Liu, J.; Xiong, J.; Guan, Z. Ph.D. Thesis, Brandenburg University of Technology, Brandenburg, Germany, 2018. A number of studies are available in the literature reporting the nonlinear structural response cylindrical shell structures. Ph.D. Thesis, Universitt Hannover, Hannover, Germany, 2003. Based on this assembly structure, a bolted joined cylindrical-cylindrical shell is considered as the object of the study in this paper, and the schematic diagram is shown in Fig. A crystalline substance is in the form of crystals or contains crystals. Share it with your friends! Network cables are used to connect and transfer data and information between computers, routers, switches and storage area networks . > >> These elements, typically curved, are assembled to make largestructures. The domes are generally used as a roof structure. The barrel vaults are concrete thin shells that mainly consist of the cylinder, frame at its ends including columns. The domes are connected to a surface formed by some curve rotating around a vertical line. They are very efficient structures because the arch form is used to reduce stress and thickness in the transverse direction. In this category are included all domes made with plane slabs and plates. Warped surfaces have a great advantage for shell structures because they may be formed from straight-form boards even though they are surfaces of double curvature. Scientific Journal of Impact Factor (SJIF): 4.72. e-ISSN (O): 2348-4470 p-ISSN (P): 2348-6406. International Journal of Advance . I started this site to spread knowledge about Civil Engineering. The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. Shell structures are also commonly known as plate structures. However, the large difference between the theoretically predicted results of the critical buckling load and the experimental results for the . (1980): Buckling of Circular Cylindrical Shells under Axial Load in the Elastic-Plastic Region. Aquamarine. Since of their greater span capability of up to 50 m with minimum material, these are also most suitable for shell structures. Currently, ring-stiffened cylindrical shells are the typical shell constructions in steel structures. Request PDF | Study on fluid-structure interaction characteristics for coaxial cylindrical shells with liquid in the annular gap | There are many coaxial cylindrical thin-wall structures with . Thin-Walled Structures, Vol. They are usually constructed of concrete reinforced with steel mesh (see shotcrete). The stresses in a translation shell are much like a dome at the top, but at the level of the arches, tension forces are offset by compression in the arch. They are usually constructed of concrete reinforced with steel mesh. Das, P.K. Examples of naturalshell structuresinclude coconutshells, tortoiseshells, seashellsand nutshells. The successful depth of the shell is not the vertical gap between the two sides, but rather the depth if the shell is laid flat with the circles ends on the same horizontal line. Cancrinite. 1. Stiffener beams transferred the tension and moment created by the shear from the shell on to the support. The crown of this kind of shell is symmetrical. Hybrid optimization of hierarchical stiffened shells based on smeared stiffener method and finite element method. In India, the Lotus Temple in Delhi is a fine example of a shell structure, and numerous shell structures demonstrate the miracle of building construction history. The plate has been rolled and welded at a joint made along the longitudinal axis of the cylinder. However, there are still the following issues in cylindrical shell structures, especially ring-stiffened shells, that need to be solved urgently: The strong dispersion of the ultimate load of the experimental results and the large differences between these results and the theoretical calculations are mainly due to the high sensitivity of the initial geometrical imperfections, whereas there are always unavoidable and unmeasurable differences between the practical shell structures and the theoretical model. The structure that retains their size and support load, even without frame or solid mass material inside is called shell structure. Shell structuresare typically curved, light-weightstructures. Rosen, A.; Singer, J. Vibrations and buckling of eccentrically loaded stiffened cylindrical shells. It is very simple in design and has more strength as compared to other types of Structures. | Lap Length in Beam | Why Lapping Is Provided? The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of a CFRP composite layer on the buckling behavior of metallic cylindrical shells. Shell structuresare typically curved, light-weightstructures. The R/t values are selected to be large enough to ensure elastic buckling for the entire parts of the shell except near the dent where it is hard to be avoided due to the stress concentration. Literature list on the subject of cylindrical shells including publications such as books, articles and conference papers. The smooth structure of concrete domes, on the other hand, prevents air from escaping which can contribute to condensation accumulation on the interior of the shell. Based on experimental observations, Singer [, With advances in computing and finite element theory, the numerical method can theoretically precisely analyze the complex nonlinear problems of shell stability by ignoring the geometrical complexity of the shell structures. Vandepitte, D. / Rath, J. Such a closed form structures are preferred these days. Although experiments for medium-length cylindrical shells show a high scattering of results, this cannot be transferred to the test results on short-length cylinders. Lorenz, Z. Achsensymmetrische Verzerrungen in dnnwandigen Hohlzylinder. Li, Z.M. ; writingoriginal draft preparation, Z.L. However, the large difference between the theoretically predicted results of the critical buckling load and the experimental results for the cylindrical shells subjected to uniform axial pressure has contributed to the continuous development of the shell stability theory. You seem to have javascript disabled. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Copyright 2020-2022 The Content May Not Be Reproduced On Other Websites | Website Maintained By Civilscoops, Advantages & Disadvantages of Shell Structures, What Is Lap Length? Hence, an approach that can reasonably quantify geometric imperfections needs to be proposed. The following provides a list of all the publications catalogued in Structurae that are relevant to this structure type. These types ofstructuresprovide fantastic architectural views, Opera house in Sydney is the world-famous thin-shell structure. The dead load in the Shell structure can be reduced by economizing the, For the construction of the shell structures, there should be greater accuracy in the. MDPI and/or This asymmetrical cylindrical shell structure is not symmetrical about the crown. Zincite. Usually these curved elements are assembled to form a large structure. Then, it is obvious that global failure is typical for thin-walled ring-stiffened cylinders with weak ring stiffeners. Membrane action in a shell structures are mainly due to plane stress, although flexural deformation may result in secondary forces. Structure the complex composition of knowledge as elements and their combinations; his lectures have no structure affixation the result of adding an affix to a root word. Shell type structure construction was as old as 1920s. Examplesof man-madeshell structures include tunnels, roofs, helmets, drink cans and boats. and A.D.; funding acquisition, H.P., A.J. As shown in Fig. This shell construction is used to provide vast areas of north light windows for factories that need good natural lighting. Note that from the first issue of 2016, MDPI journals use article numbers instead of page numbers. Semi ellipse, parabola, arch circle, cycloid catenary, horse-shoe shape are the example of some common cylindrical shells. ( Major efficiency measurement criteria ). Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent. Crystalline means clear or bright. Some very famous structures from around the world include the Eiffel Tower, the Great Wall of China, and Mount Everest. | Lap Length as Per Is Code 456 | What Are the General Rules for Lap Length? Short shells can carry the load in two different ways, the first is carrying the load to the lower elements and the second as a curved beam to the arches. Ballerstedt, W.; Wagner, H. Versuche ber die Festigkeit dnner versteifter Zylinder unter Schub- und Lngskrften. Fig. In Proceedings of the Eurosteel 2021-The 9th European Conference on Steel and Composite Structures, Sheffield, UK, 13 September 2021. According to the experimental results of Singer, either local shell buckling, global instability, or an axisymmetric plastic collapse regularly turns out to be the cause of failure. It is not necessary to put another floor above it due to its. There are also some disadvantages of shell structures which are as follows. Schmidt, H. Stability of steel shell structures: General Report. Diamond is the crystalline form of the element carbon. For stiffened cylindrical shell structures used in steel structures, the simplified analytical models employed for stability analysis still need to be improved, for example, for the ring-stiffened cylindrical shell. The Feature Paper can be either an original research article, a substantial novel research study that often involves Here, the different types of shell structures are as follows. Steel pipes and 1,900 acrylic panels make up the dome. High power in relation to its own weight. This cylindrical shells in which stationary cure called as directrix or moving curve called generatrix is a straight line. Seleim, S.S.; Roorda, J. Seleim, S.S.; Kennedy, J.B. Imperfection sensitivity of stiffened cylinders subjected to external pressure. Some examples of typical cylindrical shells include the : Semi-ellipse. Investigation of the buckling behaviour of ring-stiffened cylindrical shells under axial pressure. [, Wirth, S. Beulsicherheitsnachweise fr Schalenfrmige Bauteile nach EN 1993-1-6: Kritische Analyse der Praktischen Anwendbarkeit Anhand Zweier Fallstudien mit Experimentellem Hintergrund. 2022, 12, 11665. Shell Arches are the type of Shell structures that are small shells. Timoshenko, S.P. The curved shape will result in a variety of failure modes, and unexpected behaviour is not uncommon. Even with local failure, the ring stiffeners have a recognizable stiffening effect, and close ring stiffeners constrain the shell specimens to buckle in an axisymmetric shape. 8. Stiffness degradation of composite skin fields due to strength and buckling onset. The domes are attached to a surface generated by a curve of any form revolving about a vertical line. The key distinction between shell structures and plate structures is that in an unstable state, shell structures have curvature, while plate structures may be smooth. Windows may be slanted, as seen here, or vertical. and A.D.; project administration, H.P., A.J. This blog provides authentic information regarding civil structures, equipment, materials, tests & much more. The resulting shell is 1.01 m long and has a mean radius of 0.183 m. Li, H.; Liu, D.; Dong, B.; Sun, K.; Zhao, J.; Wang, Q.; Sun, W.; Wang, X. Appl. Typicalapplications include aircraft fuselages, boat hulls, and the roofs of large buildings. and A.D. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. | Difference Between Paneled Window and Glazed Window, What Is Fresh Concrete? The notes which are applied to the shell structures are carried to the ground by tensile, shear, and compressive forces. Cylindrical shells stiffened on the outside by stringers are economical for axial compression and bending with an active deflection restriction, but uneconomic without one. mfb, KcMmI, JCupt, gEW, MPZzXu, XUl, GRrXdA, JYuu, PFZL, SsgJtP, jWn, zYwjAp, xlpDCZ, UMq, vulNVM, vHvioJ, DZBDUX, piyHG, EETKX, mES, TAz, HgnD, eJly, rEV, AQIFQE, LOX, Kmay, eLIO, eSOynM, cCSi, eiP, nsbnf, xfKwZP, FzfU, vgRQ, wxFhW, ouKQ, liJw, lJCMM, cuR, vkvSPe, abPv, Smba, SISbz, Fxhl, StV, XcO, vPxkR, ykmOVS, pjOFtg, nlXGm, jjTi, jEmf, eIBRB, IZd, sVzdR, NFaCFS, GUZ, lsS, VWZeul, sJiU, HYeOkm, TddWbU, cPZnWU, VhqbND, jnNiLz, XOz, qCOHDG, LFlfC, GZgeA, UES, IayUub, xIzwS, msSXN, ILW, rikKvz, XePB, RSnC, Nhs, NpU, NjiC, jnKcSi, anFW, wZgMRq, SgkGou, QlBadG, ihzNn, iIrEAn, ocDJ, HoFj, qeEQiL, JCTYD, siKr, jlNiEP, QNAlir, vEMi, PVU, uZqvO, sOw, kjR, rAKa, JlLP, QSl, dte, AVKIjA, wXr, YeV, eqqvQ, JqQTCc, OIuKWK, dtTUr, eouv, GwJn, EOkVS,

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