A peasant rebellion, one of the few successful such in history, established the swineherd Ivaylo as a Tsar. [2][22] Darius left in Europe one of his commanders named Megabazus whose task was to accomplish conquests in the Balkans. Ivan Asen and Peter laid the foundations of the Second Bulgarian Empire with its capital at Tarnovo. The Coat of arms of Bulgaria is a state symbol of the sovereignty and independence of the Bulgarian people and state. [57][58] The Bulgarian Patriarchate was reduced to an archbishopric, but retained its autocephalous status and its dioceses. Bulgaria's Stalinist phase lasted less than five years. Another characteristic custom called nestinarstvo (), or firedancing, distinguishes the Strandzha region, as well as Dog spinning. , - : . The freedom of speech and of the press are respected by the government (as of 2015), but many media outlets are beholden to major advertisers and owners with political agendas. Valya Balkanska is a folk singer thanks to whom the Bulgarian speech in her song "Izlel ye Delyo Haydutin" will be played in the Outer space for at least 60,000 years more as part of the Voyager Golden Record selection of music included in the two Voyager spacecraft launched in 1977. Bulgaria sustained the heaviest casualties of any of the allies while also making the largest territorial claims. [309][310] The majority of children are born to unmarried women. His aggressive policy was aimed at displacing Byzantium as major partner of the nomadic polities in the area. "The politics of a discipline: women historians in twentieth century Bulgaria. [51][52] Two consecutive Rus' and Byzantine invasions resulted in the seizure of the capital Preslav by the Byzantine army in 971. "Historiography of the countries of Eastern Europe: Bulgaria,". "Bulgarian Ottoman Studies At The Turn Of Two Centuries: Continuity And Innovation,", Hacisalihoglu, Mehmet. [73] In 1877, Russia declared war on the Ottomans and defeated them with the help of Bulgarian rebels, particularly during the crucial Battle of Shipka Pass which secured Russian control over the main road to Constantinople. Bulgaria (/blri, bl-/ (listen); Bulgarian: , romanized:Balgariya), officially the Republic of Bulgaria,[a] is a country in Southeast Europe. At the end of his rule the front had reached the Peloponnese in the south, making it the most powerful state in contemporary Southeast Europe. Emerging from centuries of Ottoman rule, Bulgaria gained its independence in the late 19th century, joined the losing side of several conflagrations in the first half of the 20th century, and, despite gravitating toward the Axis powers in World War II, found itself within close orbit of the Soviet Union by mid-century. It also exercised control over Wallachia[59] Tsar Kaloyan (11971207) entered a union with the Papacy, thereby securing the recognition of his title of "Rex" although he desired to be recognized as "Emperor" or "Tsar" of Bulgarians and Vlachs. Another Bulgar horde, led by Asparuh's brother Kuber, came to settle in Pannonia and later into Macedonia.[42][43]). Comontorius established the kingdom of Tylis in what is now eastern Bulgaria. According to a 2009 Pew Global Attitudes Project survey, 76% of Bulgarians said they were dissatisfied with the system of democracy, 63% thought that free markets did not make people better off and only 11% of Bulgarians agreed that ordinary people had benefited from the changes in 1989. [5] Its ethnically and culturally diverse people united under a common religion, language and alphabet which formed and preserved the Bulgarian national consciousness despite foreign invasions and influences. Article 12 of the 1998 Law establishes the general regime for naturalisation. G.Demeter, P. Peykovska. P. 9. [376] Rakia is a traditional fruit brandy that was consumed in Bulgaria as early as the 14th century. The eneolithic Varna culture (5000 BC)[11] represents the first civilization with a sophisticated social hierarchy in Europe. Serbia. [23][24][25], The Thracians, one of the three primary ancestral groups of modern Bulgarians, appeared on the Balkan Peninsula some time before the 12th century BC. If you want to know how to say nationality in Bulgarian, you will find the translation here. Julia Kristeva and Tzvetan Todorov were among the most influential European philosophers in the second half of the 20th century. [88][89] Other Bulgarian scholars actively oppose the "Iranian hypothesis". The Ottoman system began declining by the 17th century and at the end of the 18th had all but collapsed. The Socialists portrayed themselves as the defender of the poor against the excesses of the free market. [323] Other problems disrupting care provision are the emigration of doctors due to low wages, understaffed and under-equipped regional hospitals, supply shortages and frequent changes to the basic service package for those insured. . [311] Furthermore, a third of all households consist of only one person and 75.5% of families do not have children under the age of 16. The Tsar's regime proclaimed neutrality, but gradually Bulgaria gravitated into alliance with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy. Bulgaria (/ b l r i , b l-/ (); Bulgarian: , romanized: Balgariya), officially the Republic of Bulgaria, is a country in Southeast Europe.It is situated on the eastern flank of the Balkans, and is bordered by Romania to the north, Serbia and North Macedonia to the west, Greece and Turkey to the south, and the Black Sea to the east. [299][300] The Roma minority is usually underestimated in census data and may represent up to 11% of the population. [191] Military inventory mainly consists of Soviet equipment like Mikoyan MiG-29 and Sukhoi Su-25 jets,[192] S-300PT air defence systems[193] and SS-21 Scarab short-range ballistic missiles. [281][282] Another lunar mission, SpaceIL's Beresheet, was also equipped with a Bulgarian-manufactured imaging payload. Raymond Detrez, Historical Dictionary of Bulgaria, Rowman & Littlefield, 2014. [93] The Bulgarian Army marked several victories against the 7th SS Volunteer Mountain Division Prinz Eugen (at Nish), the 22nd Infantry Division (at Strumica) and other German forces during the operations in Kosovo and at Stratsin.[94][95]. [142][143][144] The majority of the Slavic speakers of Greek Macedonia and part of the Torlak speakers in Serbia have also had a history of identifying as Bulgarians and being members of the Bulgarian Exarchate, which included most of the Torlak-speaking and Greek Macedonian territory. [80], In February 1912 a secret treaty was signed between Bulgaria and Serbia and in May 1912 a similar agreement was sealed with Greece. After World War II, Bulgaria became a Communist state, with Todor Zhivkov serving as General Secretary of the Bulgarian Communist Party for a period of 35 years, sparking rapid economic development, increased life expectancies, and a heavier focus on industry. The greater part of these people were also considered Bulgarians by most ethnographers until the early 20th century and beyond. ", Grozdanova, Elena. Bulgarian language is quite close to the Slavic language spoken in Macedonia because before 1948 the greater part the population there was of Bulgarian origin (1 500 000).There were around 500 000 Greeks at the beginning of the 20th century followed by Albanians and Turks and a number of Gypsies (Laffan,(1989)The Serbs ., Dorset Press, NY). To the contrary, it became a bulwark against Russian expansion, and cooperated with the British. The abrupt and often steep banks on the Bulgarian side contrast with the swamps and lagoons of the Romanian side. Several rivers cross the plain, flowing northward from the Balkans to join the Danube. Bulgarian minorities exist in Serbia, Romania (Banat Bulgarians), Hungary, Albania, as well as in Ukraine and Moldova (see Bessarabian Bulgarians). In 1393, the Ottomans captured Tarnovo, the capital of the Second Bulgarian Empire, after a three-month siege. Bulgarian was influenced lexically by medieval and modern Greek, and Turkish. "Many Thracian survivals have been detected in the sphere of Bulgarian national costume and folk tradition. [346] Martenitsa is also widely celebrated. Bulgarias numerous lakes may be coastal (such as the large lakes around Varna and Burgas, both on the Black Sea), glacial (such as those in the southern mountains), structural, or karst in origin. km of land area)", "Population and Demographic Processes in 2018", "Total Fertility Rate around the world over the last centuries", "World Bank: The demographic crisis is Bulgaria's most serious problem", "Demographic crisis in Bulgaria deepening", "Will EU Entry Shrink Bulgaria's Population Even More? The 19th century also brought improved communications, transportation and trade. [101] Facing declining birth rates among the ethnic Bulgarian majority, Zhivkov's government in 1984 forced the minority ethnic Turks to adopt Slavic names in an attempt to erase their identity and assimilate them. [130], Some Bulgarians supported the Russian Army when they crossed the Danube in the middle of the 18th century. Fish species include the Balkan trout and common minnow. [344] After the Liberation, Ivan Mrkvika, Anton Mitov, Vladimir Dimitrov, Tsanko Lavrenov and Zlatyu Boyadzhiev introduced newer styles and substance, depicting scenery from Bulgarian villages, old towns and historical subjects. It was renamed the University of Sofia in 1904, where the three faculties of history and philology, physics and mathematics, and law produced civil servants for national and local government offices. [158] The bread and salt tradition, which is widespread amongBalto-Slavs, is the usual welcome given tostrangers and politicians. Thus Serbia was temporarily knocked out of the war, and Turkey was temporarily rescued from collapse. In the mix of Christian and pagan patrons of thunder, at Saint Elijah's feast day Ognyena Maria is worshiped, the Slavic goddesses assisting Perun that took a substitutional dual position of the Christian Mother of God. [342], Sunni Muslims are the second-largest religious community and constitute 10% of Bulgaria's overall religious makeup. [129], In 1998, the Bulgarian government adopted the National Biological Diversity Conservation Strategy, a comprehensive programme seeking the preservation of local ecosystems, protection of endangered species and conservation of genetic resources. The ministries of defence, the interior and justice are allocated the largest share of the annual government budget, whereas those responsible for the environment, tourism and energy receive the least funding. [48] Boris I abolished paganism in favour of Eastern Orthodox Christianity in 864. The Struma and the Maritsa are two major rivers in the south. Nationality Bulgaria, Ottoman Empire Occupation activist, memoirist Spouse(s) Mincho Vazov Children Vladimir Vazov, Ivan Vazov, Boris Vazov, Kiril Vazov, Georgi Vazov, Mihail Vazov, Nikola Vazov, Ana Vazova, Valka Vazova-Fetvadzhieva Relatives Aleksandar Vazov, Vladimir Vazov, Ivan Vazov, Yanush Vazov [228][229][230] Government officials reportedly engage in embezzlement, influence trading, government procurement violations and bribery with impunity. [101] Lyudmila Zhivkova, daughter of Todor Zhivkov, promoted Bulgaria's national heritage, culture and arts on a global scale. However, the spouse of a Bulgarian citizen can only obtain Bulgarian citizenship by residing, or by investing, in Bulgaria. )", "Reflections on the History and Historiography of the Nomad Empires of Central Eurasia", "The Formation of the Bulgarian Nation, Academician Dimitr Simeonov Angelov, Summary, Sofia-Press, 1978", " (1759-1762/63 . [98] The major port towns in Pontic Bulgaria remained Byzantine Greek in their outlook. Bulgaria also negotiated with the Allies, who offered somewhat less generous terms. The Miladinov brothers and foreign authors noticed that even pagan prayers are preserved quoting plenty of Slavic pagan rite songs and tales remained in Bulgarians, including Macedonians and Pomaks, mainly dedicated to the divine nymphs samovili and peperuna for the feasts surva, Saint George's Day, Koleda, etc. Neighbours of Bulgaria. This transformation shows that the content of collective loyalties can shift. In 1946, Bulgaria came under the Soviet-led Eastern Bloc and became a socialist state. [373][374] The 2016 harvest yielded 128 million litres of wine, of which 62 million was exported mainly to Romania, Poland and Russia. It dominated most of the Balkans and significantly influenced Slavic cultures by developing the Cyrillic script. [120] A checklist of larger fungi in Bulgaria by the Institute of Botany identifies more than 1,500 species. The bitterness at the perceived betrayal of its former allies empowered political movements who demanded the restoration of Macedonia to Bulgaria.[81]. The negative reaction against economic reform allowed Zhan Videnov of the BSP to take office in 1995. The large scale population transfers and territorial expansions during the 8th and 9th century, additionally increased the number of the Slavs and Byzantine Christians within the state, making the Bulgars quite obviously a minority. [171] The bulk of criminal cases are transport-related, followed by theft and drug-related crime; homicide rates are low. [100] Zhivkov's daughter Lyudmila bolstered national pride by promoting Bulgarian heritage, culture and arts worldwide. During the 20th century, Slavo-Macedonian national feeling has shifted. Countries and Nationalities in Europe 2. [148][149] The Oresharski government resigned in July 2014 amid continuing large-scale protests. [186] The first deployment of foreign troops on Bulgarian soil since World War II occurred in 2001, when the country hosted six KC-135 Stratotanker aircraft and 200 support personnel for the war effort in Afghanistan. During Ottoman rule, a substantial number of Bulgarians converted to Islam, forming the community of the Pomaks or Muslim Bulgarians. After the Ottoman Empire refused to implement reforms in the disputed areas, the First Balkan War broke out in October 1912 at a time when the Ottomans were tied down in a major war with Italy in Libya. #2: there are people from Russian-Bulgarian origin like Russian singer Filip Kirkorov who was born in Varna, Bulgaria to a Russian mother and Bulgarian father Filip Kirkorov has Bulgarian, Russian, and Armenian heritage but he is considered Russian because he has Russian citizenship. [89] Turkey had a non-aggression pact with Bulgaria. Western Bulgarians. It is believed that no man can go in Zmeyovo and only the magpie knows the location of this place. [29][31][32] It was weakened and vassalised by Philip II of Macedon in 341 BC,[33] attacked by Celts in the 3rd century,[34] and finally became a province of the Roman Empire in AD 45. [160] The Democracy Index defines it as a "Flawed democracy". 8. [215][216] The Bulgarian National Bank issues the national currency, lev, which is pegged to the euro at a rate of 1.95583 lev per euro. Simeon's popularity declined quickly during his four-year rule as Prime Minister and the BSP won the election in 2005, but could not form a single-party government and had to seek a coalition. The capital Preslav was said to rival Constantinople,[48][49] the new independent Bulgarian Orthodox Church became the first new patriarchate besides the Pentarchy and Bulgarian translations of Christian texts spread all over the Slavic world of the time. [16][17] The Karanovo culture arose circa 6,500 BC and was one of several Neolithic societies in the region that thrived on agriculture. [348][349], Nine historical and natural objects are UNESCO World Heritage Sites: Pirin National Park, Sreburna Nature Reserve, the Madara Rider, the Thracian tombs in Sveshtari and Kazanlak, the Rila Monastery, the Boyana Church, the Rock-hewn Churches of Ivanovo and the ancient city of Nesebar. After a successful war with Byzantium in 680, Asparuh's khanate conquered initially Scythia Minor and was recognised as an independent state under the subsequent treaty signed with the Byzantine Empire in 681. [211] Bulgarians are the main ethnic group and constitute 84.8% of the population. By 1996 the BSP government was also in difficulties and in the presidential election of that year the UDF's Petar Stoyanov was elected. Constantin Prezan Alexandru Averescu; Russia: Andrei Zayonchkovski Vladimir Sakharov, Battle of Turtucaia Battle of Bazargic First Cobadin Flmnda Offensive Second Cobadin Battle of Bucharest, 1918 Meanwhile, in 632 the Bulgars formed an independent state north of the Black sea that became known as Great Bulgaria under the leadership of Kubrat. [114], The Balkan mountains run laterally through the middle of the country from west to east. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. [95] It fell into the Soviet sphere of influence under the leadership of Georgi Dimitrov (19461949), who established a repressive, rapidly industrialising Stalinist state. Agrarianism was the dominant political philosophy in the countryside, as the peasantry organized a movement independent of any existing party. Sofia Municipality. [351], The establishment of the Preslav and Ohrid literary schools in the 10th century is associated with a golden period in Bulgarian literature during the Middle Ages. explain this as a consequence of the concessions that Basil II granted the Bulgarian nobility to gain their allegiance. Women dance into the fire with their bare feet without suffering any injury or pain. [184], Bulgaria deployed significant numbers of both civilian and military advisors in Soviet-allied countries like Nicaragua[185] and Libya during the Cold War. [125] Overall, 41,493 plant and animal species are present. [102] These policies resulted in the emigration of some 300,000 ethnic Turks to Turkey. Alongside the Iranian or Aryan theory, there appeared arguments favoring an autochthonous origin.[93]. "Bulgaria strives to become tech capital of the Balkans", "Bulgaria's ICT Sector Turnover Trebled over Last Seven Years Deputy Economy Minister", "Digital Single Market: Europe announces eight sites to host world-class supercomputers", "Cosmonauts Eager, Hopeful for Reboot of Bulgaria's Space Program", "Radiation environment investigations during ExoMars missions to Mars objectives, experiments and instrumentation", "Radiation Dose Monitor Experiment (RADOM)", "Bulgaria: 2011 Telecommunication Market and Regulatory Developments", "Bulgaria Opens Tender for Fourth Mobile Operator", "Individuals regularly using the Internet (Every day or at least once a week)", "Households with Internet access at home", "Bulgaria must work to restart Belene nuclear project: parliament", "Census results: population by residence, ethnic group and age", "Bulgarians unfazed by anti-Roma hate speech from deputy prime minister", "Population density (people per sq. [2] Darius' army subjugated several Thracian peoples, and virtually all other regions that touch the European part of the Black Sea, such as parts of nowadays Bulgaria, Romania, Ukraine, and Russia, before it returned to Asia Minor. The area was further fought over during the World War I (19151918) and the World War II (19411944). [68][63] Other pre-Slavic Indo-European peoples, including Dacians (if distinct from Thracians), Celts, Goths, Romans, ancient Greeks, Sarmatians, Paeonians and Illyrians also settled into the later Bulgarian land. During the 6th century, the traditional Greco-Roman culture was still influential, but Christian philosophy and culture were dominant and began to replace it. 2933. [169], Bulgarian folk costumes feature long white robes, usually with red embrdoiery and ornaments derived from the Slavic Rachenik. Some countries do not permit multiple citizenship e.g. By subverting the principles of Byzantine diplomacy and political culture, Simeon turned his own kingdom into a society-structuring factor in the nomadic world. Stambolov negotiated loans with western European countries to develop the economic and military strength of Bulgaria. The last name of the entire family then would have the plural form of -evi (Cyrillic: -), for example: the Stoevi family (). Cultural interactions between Thracians and Celts are evidenced by several items containing elements of both cultures, such as the chariot of Mezek and almost certainly the Gundestrup cauldron.[30]. "Race," Science and Politics in Fin-de-sicle Bulgaria, pp. Live-fire is set in case of epidemics. It is generally known that the white represents the sky, the green the forest and nature and the red the blood of the people, referencing the strong bond of the nation through all the wars and revolutions that have shaken the country in the past. In the late 6th centuryBC, parts of what is nowadays Bulgaria, in particular the eastern region of the country, came under the Persian Achaemenid Empire. During the 1960s, Zhivkov initiated reforms and passed some market-oriented policies on an experimental level. By the 19th century, the Bulgarian National Revival became a key component of the struggle for independence, which would culminate in the failed April uprising in 1876, which prompted the Russo-Turkish War of 187778 and the subsequent Liberation of Bulgaria. In November 1989 demonstrations on ecological issues were staged in Sofia and these soon broadened into a general campaign for political reform. [206] The tax system is two-tier. [96][97] The Soviet-style planned economy saw some experimental market-oriented policies emerging under Todor Zhivkov (19541989). The elm is believed to scare the evil forces. Since names in Bulgarian are gender-based, Bulgarian women have the -ova surname suffix (Cyrillic: -a), for example, Maria Ivanova. The Bulgarian government was forced by Germany to declare a token war on the United Kingdom and the United States on 13 December 1941, an act which resulted in the bombing of Sofia and other Bulgarian cities by Allied aircraft. The conversion was followed by a Byzantine recognition of the Bulgarian church[49] and the adoption of the Cyrillic alphabet, developed in the capital, Preslav. In 1185 Peter and Asen, leading nobles of supposed and contested Bulgarian, Cuman, Vlach or mixed origin, led a revolt against Byzantine rule and Peter declared himself Tsar Peter II. [243] The main destinations of Bulgarian exports outside the EU are Turkey, China and the United States, while Russia and Turkey are by far the largest import partners. This revision left large populations of ethnic Bulgarians outside the new country and defined Bulgaria's militaristic approach to foreign affairs and its participation in four wars during the first half of the 20th century. Stefan Detchev, Who are the Bulgarians? " ". The government has diverted EU funds to sympathetic media outlets and bribed others to be less critical on problematic topics, while attacks against individual journalists have increased. Medieval Bulgaria was the most important cultural centre of the Slavic peoples at the end of the 9th and throughout the 10th century. The Orthodox Bulgarian minorities in Romania, Serbia, Greece, Albania, Ukraine and Moldova nowadays hold allegiance to the respective national Orthodox churches. [209] It includes the capital city and the surrounding Sofia Province, which alone generate 42% of national gross domestic product despite hosting only 22% of the population. [53] Under Samuil, Bulgaria somewhat recovered from these attacks and managed to conquer Serbia and Duklja. T. XXVII (2). The total number of Bulgarians stood at over 9 million. In the beginning of the 20th century Bulgaria was famous for two of the best wrestlers in the world Dan Kolov and Nikola Petroff. Later, Kubrat was crowned with the title Patrician by Heraclius. "Bulgaria," in Joseph Held, ed. [164] Saint Jeremiah's feast is of the snakes and the reptiles, there is a tradition of jumping over fire. [295] Sofia and Plovdiv are the country's air travel hubs, while Varna and Burgas are the principal maritime trade ports. [108] After 2001, economic, political and geopolitical conditions improved greatly,[109] and Bulgaria achieved high Human Development status in 2003. [68][69] The clergy remaining in some isolated monasteries kept their ethnic identity alive, enabling its survival in remote rural areas,[70] and in the militant Catholic community in the northwest of the country. [164] The Thursdays remained feasts of Perun in Bulgarian beliefs. Founded in the 7th century, Bulgaria is one of the oldest states on the European continent. After the death of Basil II the empire entered into a period of instability. [343], Less than 3% of the population are affiliated with other religions and 11.8% are irreligious or do not self-identify with a religion. Questions & Answers. The Slavs emerged from their original homeland (most commonly thought to have been in Eastern Europe) in the early 6th century and spread to most of eastern Central Europe, Eastern Europe and the Balkans, thus forming three main branches - the West Slavs, the East Slavs and the South Slavs. [126] A third of all nesting birds in Bulgaria can be found in Rila National Park, which also hosts Arctic and alpine species at high altitudes. 5", "Social Construction of Identities: Pomaks in Bulgaria, Ali Eminov, JEMIE 6 (2007) 2 2007 by European Centre for Minority Issues", " ", "Bulgaria Poultry and Products Meat Market Update", " ", ". , 4.3", "Ekip7 , , ! [91], The left-wing coup d'tat of 9 September 1944 led to the abolition of the monarchy and the executions of some 1,0003,000 dissidents, war criminals, and members of the former royal elite. [76][79] This significantly contributed to Bulgaria's militaristic foreign affairs approach during the first half of the 20th century. 2015, Despotate of Dobruja (Principality of Karvuna), Negotiations of Bulgaria with the Central Powers and the Entente, Military convention between Germany, Austria-Hungary and Bulgaria, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Bulgaria&oldid=1125458359, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Articles with self-published sources from January 2018, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2010, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2010, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. He also received the Byzantine title "Caesar". [261][262][263][264] Chronic government underinvestment in research since 1990 has forced many professionals in science and engineering to leave Bulgaria. Find a list of greatest Bulgarian artists and collections at Wikiart.org - best visual art database. [50] The common language, religion and script strengthened central authority and gradually fused the Slavs and Bulgars into a unified people speaking a single Slavic language. Bulgaria covers a . 75-90 in Julia Valeva, Emil Nankov, Denver Graninger as ed. A struggle for political liberation from the Ottoman Empire emerged in the face of the Bulgarian Revolutionary Central Committee and the Internal Revolutionary Organisation led by liberal revolutionaries such as Vasil Levski, Hristo Botev and Lyuben Karavelov. The easternmost South Slavs settled on the territory of modern Bulgaria during the 6th century. The minority Bulgars formed a close-knit ruling caste. The question as of whether a Macedonian nation actually existed in the 1940s when a Communist Yugoslavia decided to recognize one is difficult to answer. Perspectives migrations internationales 2016 et Eurostat. [74][75], The Treaty of San Stefano was signed on 3 March 1878 by Russia and the Ottoman Empire. [118] Precipitation averages about 630 millimetres (24.8in) per year, and varies from 500 millimetres (19.7in) in Dobrudja to more than 2,500 millimetres (98.4in) in the mountains. Most of Bulgaria has a moderate continental climate, which is tempered by Mediterranean influences in the south. The Byzantines were engaged in prolonged warfare against Persia and could not defend their Balkan territories from barbarian incursions. Map of A. Scobel, Andrees Allgemeiner Handatlas, 1908, Distribution of the Balkan peoples in 1911, Encyclopdia Britannica, Ethnic groups in the Balkans and Asia Minor by William R. Shepherd, 1911, Distribution of European peoples in 1914 according to L. Ravenstein, Swiss ethnographic map of Europe published in 1918 by Juozas Gabrys, Percentage of Pomaks by first language according to the 1965 Census excluding Bulgarian, Distribution of Bulgarians in Odessa Oblast, Ukraine according to the 2001 census, Distribution of Bulgarians by first language in Zaporizhzhia Oblast, Ukraine according to the 2001 census, Distribution of predominant ethnic groups in Bulgaria according to the 2011 census, Distribution of Bulgarians in Romania according to the 2002 census, Distribution of Bulgarians in Moldova according to the 2004 census, South Slavic ethnic group living in the Balkans, This article is about the ethnic group. [296] As of 2019[update], Sofia is the most populated urban centre with 1,241,675 people, followed by Plovdiv (346,893), Varna (336,505), Burgas (202,434) and Ruse (142,902). It was superseded by the Treaty of Berlin, signed on 13 July. The varied Bulgarian natural environment has produced about 20 soil types and subtypes, which may be grouped into three main regions. The average elevation of the region is 584 feet (178 metres), and it covers some 12,200 square miles (31,600 square km). All areas take their names from their respective capital cities. There are many available options, ranging from the standard residency requirement of 10 years to the express 12 months naturalization under the . Contents 1 Etymology 2 Citizenship 3 Ethnogenesis 3.1 Bulgarian ethnogenetic conception 4 Genetic origins 5 History 5.1 Bulgarian national movement 6 Demographics Bezmer and Graf Ignatievo air bases, the Novo Selo training range, and a logistics centre in Aytos subsequently became joint military training facilities cooperatively used by the United States and Bulgarian militaries. The initial Treaty of San Stefano was rejected by the Great Powers, and the following Treaty of Berlin limited Bulgaria's territories to Moesia and the region of Sofia. Medieval Bulgarian influenced the other South Slavic languages and Romanian. Discontent with the supremacy of the Greek Orthodox clergy, the struggle started to flare up in several Bulgarian dioceses in the 1820s. Quality Oriental tobacco is a significant industrial crop. Following the cooling of the relations with Russia, and the country's EU accession, the opinion on significant Bulgar genetic impact, was launched among nationalist circles, that lately have downplayed the country's Slavic ancestry. The Constitution also provides possibilities of direct democracy, namely petitions and national referendums. "Most of the Slavophone inhabitants in all parts of divided Macedonia, perhaps a million and a half in all had a Bulgarian national consciousness at the beginning of the Occupation; and most Bulgarians, whether they supported the Communists, VMRO, or the collaborating government, assumed that all Macedonia would fall to Bulgaria after the WWII. [278][279] Bulgarian instruments have been used in the exploration of Mars, including a spectrometer that took the first high quality spectroscopic images of Martian moon Phobos with the Phobos 2 probe. The war resulted in significant territorial losses and a total of 87,500 soldiers killed. ", "A detailed analysis is made of the assimilation process which took place between Slavs and Thracians. Dimitrov was arrested in Berlin and showed great courage during the Reichstag fire trial of 1933. Also an autonomous Ottoman province, called Eastern Rumelia was created in Northern Thrace. His military campaign against Constantine V in the year 774, proved to be unsuccessful. Overall, more than half of the runoff drains to the Black Sea, and the rest flows to the Aegean Sea. Applying for permanent residence in Bulgaria. Country Code, ISO and Nationality CSV version; Country Code, ISO and Nationality Markdown table version; Country Code, ISO and Nationality HTML table version; Country Code, ISO and Nationality LaTex table version; Country Code, ISO and Nationality create and insert sql version; Country Code, ISO and Nationality plain text table version Polunoshtnitsa and Poludnica are believed to be evil spirits causing death, while to Lesnik, Domovnik and Vodnik a dualistic nature is attributed. The fighting was very harsh, with many casualties, especially during the key Battle of Bregalnitsa. The adornments on the costumes vary from one region to another. [331] Average basic literacy stands high at 98.4% with no significant difference between sexes. [1] Around 5000 BC, a sophisticated civilization already existed which produced some of the first pottery, jewellery and golden artifacts in the world. The Thracian language was still spoken in the 6th century, probably becoming extinct afterwards,[69][70][71] but that in a later period the Bulgarians replaced long-established Greek/Latin toponyms with Thracian, might suggest that it had not been completely obliterated then. [345] Some rituals against evil spirits have survived and are still practised, most notably kukeri and survakari. The custom for rain begging Peperuna is derived from the wife of Perun and the god of the rain Dodola, this was described by a 1792 Bulgarian book as a continued worship of Perun at times of absence of rain with a ritual performed by a boy or a girl dressed like Perun. [285] Vivacom (BTC) serves more than 90% of fixed lines and is one of the three operators providing mobile services, along with A1 and Telenor. The ritual consists of dancing, jumping, shouting and collect gifts from the houses in an attempt to banish all evil from the village. ), The Treaty of San Stefano was signed on 3 March 1878 and set up an autonomous Bulgarian principality on the territories of the Second Bulgarian Empire, including the regions of Moesia, Thrace and Macedonia,[67][68] though the state was de jure only autonomous but de facto functioned independently. Communist leader Dimitrov had been in exile, mostly in the Soviet Union, since 1923. [164] Rusalka is believed to be a variety of the samodivi and Nav, but the latter are considered little fairies. The Bulgar name Boris has spread from Bulgaria to a number of countries in the world. His short reign was essential in recoveringat least partiallythe integrity of the Bulgarian state. Meat consumption is lower than the European average, given a cultural preference for a large variety of salads. The most spread dance is a circle dance called horo and khorovod. [275][276] It was involved in the development of the Granat gamma-ray observatory[277] and the Vega program, particularly in modelling trajectories and guidance algorithms for both Vega probes. The country has some 500 mineral springs, half of which are warm or hot (reaching 217 F [103 C] at Sapareva Banya, in the west). By 2018, Programme for International Student Assessment studies found 47% of pupils in the 9th grade to be functionally illiterate in reading and natural sciences. [65] During the last two decades of the 18th and first decades of the 19th centuries the Balkan Peninsula dissolved into virtual anarchy.[38][66]. The Russian army and the Bulgarian Opalchentsi decisively defeated the Ottomans at Shipka Pass and Pleven. The Serbs in particular did not agree and refused to vacate any of the territory they had seized in northern Macedonia (that is, the territory roughly corresponding to the modern Republic of North Macedonia), saying that the Bulgarian army had failed to accomplish its pre-war goals at Adrianople (to capture it without Serbian help) and that the pre-war agreement on the division of Macedonia had to be revised. Higher education consists of a 4-year bachelor degree and a 1-year master's degree. It was forced to relinquish most of its territorial acquisitions in Macedonia to Serbia and Greece, Adrianapole to the Ottoman Empire, and the region of Southern Dobruja to Romania. 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