47 member states of the council of europe

F-sZC*\:H V The Committee of Ministers is the Council of Europe's decision-making body. [id] => 181 [name] => Cultural heritage [23] The Convention created the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg. ( ) [desc] => As an Amazon Associate, we earn from qualifying purchases. ( [children] => Array [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/244-european-court-of-human-rights [4] => Array The best-known body of the Council of Europe is the European Court of Human Rights, which functions on the basis of the European Convention on Human Rights. 20, 2012). [id] => 381 Furthermore, at the regional level, the American-African Convention on Human Rights and the European Convention on Human Rights. [id] => 238 Individual measures General measures. It has organised the regional UN conferences against racism and on women and co-operates with the United Nations at many levels, in particular in the areas of human rights, minorities, migration and counter-terrorism. Invitations to sign and ratify relevant conventions of the Council of Europe on a case-by-case basis are sent to three groups of non-member entities:[77]. [name] => ( ( The Council of Europe is an entirely separate body[78] from the European Union. ) [id] => 410 [id] => 221 [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/198-new-technologies-medias The Council of Europe was founded on 5 May 1949 by ten western and northern European states, with Greece joining three months later, and Iceland, Turkey and West Germany joining the next Ahmad, Tariq. [desc] => ( ) ( ( [name] => Partnerships Information Offices of the Council of Europe in many member states. ) ) They debated how to reconcile and reconstruct a continent still reeling from war, yet already facing a new EastWest divide, launched the concept of a trans-national court to protect the basic human rights of every citizen, and took the first steps in a process that would eventually lead to the creation of the European Union. [children] => Array ( ) Designed to interest young people in the protection of the Council of Europe's core values, this brochure presents in an [children] => Array [0] => Array European digital identity (eID): Council makes headway towards EU digital wallet, a paradigm shift for digital identity in Europe. The brochure includes the list of 47 member states and their capitals. [13] Convinced that the Council of Europe was never going to be in a position to achieve his long-term goal of a unified Europe,[14] he soon tried again in a new and more promising format, based this time on economic integration, becoming one of the founders of the European Union.[15]. [id] => 383 ) ) The Council of Europe Schools of political studies is part of the Education Department which is part of the Directorate of Democratic Participation within the Directorate General of Democracy ("DGII") of the Council of Europe.[83]. ) [desc] => ) [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/178-racism [id] => 244 [id] => 195 [50] In 1994, the PACE adopted Recommendation 1247, which said that admission to the CoE should be "in principle open only to states whose national territory lies wholly or partly in Europe"; later, however, the Assembly extended eligibility to apply and be admitted to Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia. 105and therefore are not subject to copyright and are free to use and reuse. ) The official languages of the Council are English and French. [desc] => ( ) ( [children] => Array ) ( [name] => Gender equality ) [99][100][101] In 2021, Volont was convicted of accepting bribes from Azerbaijani officials to water down critiques of the nation's human rights record, and he was sentenced by a court in Milan to four years in prison. [52][53][54][55] Iceland[56][57] West Germany and Saarland Protectorate joined the Council of Europe as associate members in 1950. ) ) [12] => Array ( ( ( [0] => Array ) An Appeasement Approach in the European Court of Human Rights? ( [id] => 237 ( [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/378-the-council-of-europe-in-brief [children] => Array [id] => 402 [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/224-education [0] => Array [children] => Array [id] => 219 [1] => Array [desc] => [id] => 198 Its role is to promote local and regional democracy, improve local and regional governance and strengthen local self-government. ( [id] => 247 Being an international organization, the Council of Europe cannot make laws, but it does have the ability to push for the enforcement of select international agreements reached by member states on various topics. ( To avoid confusion with the European Union which subsequently adopted the same flag in the 1980s, as well as other European institutions, the Council of Europe often uses a modified version with a lower-case "e" surrounding the stars which are referred to as the "Council of Europe Logo". [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/234-organised-crime [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/390-doping [children] => Array [5] => Array ( #subscribe #1000subscriber #geography #flags #europe Today, I named all 47 flags of Europe! ) ) ( ( ( The Joint Council on Youth of the Council of Europe. ) Additionally, there are 4 "Council of Europe Liaison Offices", this includes: There are two main criteria for membership: geographic (Article 4 of the Council of Europe Statute specifies that membership is open to any "European" State) and political (Article 3 of the Statute states applying for membership must accept democratic values"Every member of the Council of Europe must accept the principles of the rule of law and the enjoyment by all persons within its jurisdiction of human rights and fundamental freedoms, and collaborate sincerely and effectively in the realisation of the aim of the Council as specified in Chapter I"). [children] => Array 2012. [desc] => 20, 2012).). [2] => Array [name] => Map of the member states [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/233-law The budget of the Council consists of the contributions of the member states, calculated according to their population and GNP. [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/221-roma-and-travellers ( ) [name] => Online resources ) The Council of Europe Development Bank has its seat in Paris, the North-South Centre of the Council of Europe is established in Lisbon, Portugal, and the Centre for Modern Languages is in Graz, Austria. [children] => Array This page was last edited on 10 December 2022, at 18:33. [name] => European Social Charter ( [desc] => [desc] => 17, 2012).). But crucially, where the Universal Declaration was essentially aspirational, the European Convention from the beginning featured an enforcement mechanism - an international Court - which was to adjudicate on alleged violations of its articles and hold governments to account, a dramatic leap forward for international justice. [id] => 204 ( In November 2016, the UN General Assembly adopted by consensus Resolution (A/Res/71/17) on Cooperation between the United Nations and the Council of Europe whereby it acknowledged the contribution of Council of Europe to the protection and strengthening of human rights and fundamental freedoms, democracy and the rule of law, welcomed the ongoing co-operation in a variety of fields. The Council of Europe was formed by the establishment of the Council of Europe Committee of Ministers and the parliamentary wing representing the governments in 1948, together with the establishment of the Consultative Council of European Prosecutors at that time. [desc] => Belgium, the United Kingdom, Denmark, France, the Netherlands, Ireland, Sweden, Italy, Luxembourg, and Norway. Article 11 of the European Convention on Human Rights protects the right to freedom of association, which is also a fundamental norm for NGOs. ( High Level Conference on the Future of the European Court of Human Rights: Brighton Declaration. This webinar explored the ramifications of the Taliban's return to power for the Afghan constitutional and legal systems. These arrangements are the Universal Convention on Personal and Political Rights and the Convention on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. ) [desc] => [id] => 246 The States condemned by the European Court of Human Rights have the obligation to erase the consequences of the violation for the victim and to take general measures such as amending their legislation or their juridical practices. ) ) ) [name] => Culture, heritage, nature [desc] => ) There was huge enthusiasm for the Council of Europe in its early years, as its pioneers set about drafting what was to become the European Convention on Human Rights, a charter of individual rights which it was hoped no member government could ever again violate. 12(d)). [1] => Array [id] => 182 It is not controlled by it. ( European Court of Human Rights judgments in cases of human rights violations have led to the improvement of peoples lives across Council of Europe member states. ( ) ( ( [0] => Array [id] => 243 [children] => Array Moreover, language that reaffirmed the states' commitment to fully implement the Convention on the domestic level was welcomed. ( Guided tours are designed mainly for visitors wanting more general information on the Council of Europe. These works are also available for worldwide use and reuse under CC0 1.0 Universal. [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/223-people-with-disabilities [id] => 194 [50], The Council of Europe was founded on 5 May 1949 by Belgium, Denmark, France, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Sweden and the United Kingdom. ) [name] => Efficiency of justice ) ) [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/246-conference-of-ingos ( [name] => Human rights, democratic citizenship and interculturalism [desc] => [desc] => [desc] => )bp{ V)+D]+xNsXa( [children] => Array [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/210-european-cultural-convention Council of Europe / Council of Europe Members / Council of Europe Map. [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/217-partnerships ) [name] => Cybercrime [name] => European prison reform (Press Release, Amnesty International, Brighton Declaration: States Must Be Serious About European Court's Judgments Instead of Tampering with Its Independence(Apr. [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/397-cultural-heritage The European Union could be seen as the smaller circle with a much higher level of integration through the transfer of powers from the national to the EU level. ) ) ( ( [3] => Array ( ) [97] Volont was investigated by Italian police and accused by Italian prosecutors in 2017 of receiving over 2.39 million euros in bribes in exchange for working for Azerbaijan in the parliamentary assembly, and that in 2013 he played a key role in orchestrating the defeat of a highly critical report on the abuse of political prisoners in Azerbaijan. [children] => Array [children] => Array ( (Mar. Council of Europe Map, Map of Council of Europe On May 5, 1949, 10 countries Belgium, the United Kingdom, Denmark, France, the Netherlands, Ireland, Sweden, Italy, Luxembourg, and This program offers information and advice for local authorities on the integration of minorities and the prevention of discrimination. [id] => 187 [id] => 226 European Court of Human Rights; United Kingdom: Use of Conditional Fee Agreements Seen as Violation of Pakistan's Legal Framework to Manage the Risks of Extreme Climate Events and Disasters, Free Speech and the Regulation of Social Media in Egypt and Pakistan, Afghanistan's Legal Order in Transition: The Possible Path Forward in an Uncertain Environment, Council of Europe; European Court of Human Rights: 47 Member States Adopt the Brighton Declaration. ( ( ), The High Level Conference on the Future of the ECtHR was organized by the UK government as part of its chairmanship of the Council of Europe's Committee of Ministers. The first agreement establishing the European Economic Community was signed in 1957 by six countries: Belgium, Germany, France, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands. Denmark, Ireland, and the United Kingdom joined in 1973, Greece in 1981, Spain and Portugal in 1986. In subsequent years many other countries joined the Union. [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/219-national-minorities ( ) [id] => 223 ) It also supports local democracy by representing local governments within the Council of Europe. There are four Programme Offices, namely in Ankara, Podgorica, Skopje, Venice. ( [name] => National minorities [id] => 408 Depending on varying geographic definitions, some member states or portions thereof may be considered transcontinental or Eurasian (, Sandro Guerrieri, "From the Hague Congress to the Council of Europe: hopes, achievements and disappointments in the parliamentary way to European integration (194851).". [desc] => [desc] => ) ) [name] => Health care ( [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/393-human-rights-democratic-citizenship-and-interculturalism Some regarded it as a guarantee that the horrors of war could never again be visited on the continent, others came to see it as a "club of democracies", built around a set of common values that could stand as a bulwark against totalitarian states belonging to the Eastern Bloc. [63] Greece was readmitted to the council in 1974. [desc] => [name] => Doping The Open Society Justice Initiative expressed regret that the Brighton Declaration proposes amending the European Convention on Human Rights to encourage greater deference by the court to national governments, though this will do little to stem the growing caseload. (Press Release, Open Society Justice Initiative, Brighton Conference on ECHR Reform Leaves Work Ahead(Apr. "[22] Council of Europe conventions/treaties are also open for signature to non-member states, thus facilitating equal co-operation with countries outside Europe. [50] "Observer" status is for non-European nations who accept democracy, rule of law, and human rights, and wish to participate in Council initiatives. [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/392-youth-in-europe [name] => Resources for teachers [desc] => On 5 May 1964, the 15th anniversary of its founding, the Council of Europe established 5 May as Europe Day. [65], On 3 March 2022, after Russia launched a full-scale military invasion of Ukraine, the council suspended Russia for violations of the council's statute and the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). The European Convention (Aug. 5, 2013) On July 28, 2013, Peshawar High Court (PHC) Chief Justice Dost Mohammad Khan inaugurated the establishment of mobile courts in the northern Pakistani province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) to (Apr. The budget for 2002 is approximately 169 million. More about Copyright and other Restrictions. ditions du Conseil de l'Europe, Avenue de l'Europe F-67075 Strasbourg Cedex, France - Tel. [65] European Council secretary-general Thorbjrn Jagland organized a special committee to find a compromise with Russia in early 2018, a move that was criticized as giving in to alleged Russian pressure by Council members and academic observers, especially if voting sanctions were lifted. [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/203-health [1] => Array ( [desc] => [1] => Array ( [desc] => ) [children] => Array [name] => Migration [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/394-language-learning ) [children] => Array ( [0] => Array "The Council of Europe and the European Union: different roles, shared values. [name] => Violence against women ) [children] => Array The Council of Europe suspends Russia for its attack on Ukraine. [1] => Array [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/381-an-overview ( [name] => Resources for young people [desc] => [71][72][73] On 15 March 2022, hours before the vote to expel the country, Russia initiated a voluntary withdrawal procedure from the council, delivering its formal desire to withdraw on 31 December 2022, and announced its intent to denounce the ECHR. ( English and French are its two official languages. ) ) [name] => Youth By drafting conventions or international treaties, common legal standards are set for its member states. [desc] => The European Convention on Human Rights differs from other treaties. [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/197-council-of-europe-development-bank On the one hand, organizations, such as Amnesty International and Open Society Justice Initiative, were relieved that some of the far-reaching changes that were originally proposed, measures that would curb access to the Court, were not part of the final declaration. General Overview of the Council of Europe The Council of Europe is comprised of 47 Member States, 23 of which include the members of the European Union. Building in the area started in 1949 with the predecessor of the Palais de l'Europe, the House of Europe (demolished in 1977), and came to a provisional end in 2007 with the opening of the New General Office Building, later named "Agora", in 2008. ) The rules for consultative status for INGOs appended to the resolution (93)38 "On relation between the Council of Europe and non-governmental organisations", adopted by the Committee of Ministers on 18 October 1993 at the 500th meeting of the Ministers' Deputies. [50], The CoE has granted some countries a status that allows them to participate in CoE activities without being full members. [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/190-gender-equality [3], The organisation is distinct from the European Union (EU), although it is sometimes confused with it, partly because the EU has adopted the original European flag, created for the Council of Europe in 1955,[4] as well as the European anthem. [desc] => [65] Supporters of restoring Russia's council rights included France and Germany,[71] which argued that a Russian withdrawal from the council would be harmful because it would deprive Russian citizens of their ability to initiate cases in the European Court of Human Rights. [id] => 386 The Enlarged Partial Agreement on Cultural Routes, which awards the certification ", The European Commission for Democracy through Law, better known as the. [id] => 384 ( ( ( [name] => The Council of Europe and the European Union [name] => Language learning President of the Republic @EmmanuelMacron/ @emmanuelmacron Germany Olaf Scholz Federal Chancellor @olafscholz @bundeskanzler Greece Kyriakos Mitsotakis Prime Minister [children] => Array [name] => Elections ( 47 Member States 47 Member States Map showing Member States and the dates they joined the Council of Europe Iceland 07/03/1950 Finland 05/05/1989 Norway 05/05/1949 Russian [9] => Array [children] => Array ) [14] => Array ) [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/175-european-prison-reform ) [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/191-violence-against-women [desc] => [3] => Array On 17 October 1989, the General Assembly of the United Nations approved a resolution on granting observer status to the Council of Europe which was proposed by several member states of the CoE. ( [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/384-sport-for-all [97] It concluded that several members of the Parliamentary Assembly broke CoE ethical rules and were "strongly suspected" of corruption; it strongly criticized former Parliamentary Assembly president Pedro Agramunt and suggested that he had engaged in "corruptive activities" before his resignation under pressure in 2017. It comprises the foreign affairs ministers of all the member states, or their permanent diplomatic representatives in Strasbourg. [name] => Teacher education [name] => European Convention on Human Rights ( ) [name] => Democracy [74] After being excluded from the Council of Europe, Russia's former president and prime minister Dmitry Medvedev endorsed restoring the death penalty in Russia.[75][76]. ) [children] => Array ) ( ( Because this paper does not have a binding character and does not regulate any guarantee mechanisms, developments after the notification have aimed at eliminating these deficiencies. #i2dNK^BTKX15E-&tZ4t4bQ1aKM@7SSs 95WtyEb941=1nl` [name] => People with disabilities ) [id] => 212 [2] => Array The Brighton conference follows two previous conferences, at Interlaken and at Izmer, which were chiefly aimed at resolving the Strasbourg-based court's burgeoning caseload problem. ( ) [id] => 378 Article 1(a) of the Statute states that "The aim of the Council of Europe is to achieve a greater unity between its members for the purpose of safeguarding and realising the ideals and principles which are their common heritage and facilitating their economic and social progress. [id] => 207 [15] => Array [3] => Array [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/212-environment ( The Council of Europe, sidelined, reportedly was "perplexed" with this development, with a spokesperson stating "In the field of human rights, democracy and the rule of law, such a pan-European community already exists: it is the Council of Europe. ) ( [name] => Local democracy With the participation of national and international experts, they run annual series of seminars and conferences on topics such as European integration, democracy, human rights, the rule of law and globalisation. [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/391-violence-in-sport Transcontinental country straddling both Europe and Asia. Citations are generated automatically from bibliographic data as [id] => 208 [6] => Array The council's two statutory bodies are the Committee of Ministers, comprising the foreign ministers of each member state, and the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE), which is composed of members of the national parliaments of each member state. [desc] => The Library of Congress has no objection to the international use and reuse of Library U.S. Government works onloc.gov. [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/200-children-and-the-internet Protocol No. [61], The Statute of the Council of Europe provides for the voluntary suspension, involuntary suspension, and exclusion of members. Virtual exhibition on the Convention, Congress of Local and Regional Authorities, The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Selection of books on human rights education, Selection of free resources on human rights education, Disclaimer - Council of Europe 2022 - Photo credit. [2] => Array [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/364-map-of-the-member-states Dr. Pasarlay discussed the Taliban's constitutional vision and address what type of a constitution "Updated October 2018." [name] => Sport for all ) This dual intergovernmental and inter-parliamentary structure was later copied for the European Communities, NATO and OSCE. [name] => Living Together - Diversity and Freedom in Europe [name] => Refugees ( ) ( The European Wergeland Centre, a new Resource Centre on education for intercultural dialogue, human rights and democratic citizenship, operated in cooperation with the Norwegian Government, opened in Oslo, Norway, in February 2009. The measures adopted at Brighton include calling for: 1) the Committee of Ministers to adopt by the end of 2013 the necessary amending instrument to insert the principles of subsidiarity and margin of appreciation in the preamble of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, on which the ECtHR is based (Conference, supra, 12(b)); 2) reduction of the time limit for submitting applications to the ECtHR from six months to four months (id. First meetings were held in Strasbourg's University Palace in 1949, but the Council of Europe soon moved into its own buildings. ) [id] => 239 All European countries except Belarus, Kazakhstan, and the Vatican are members of the Council of Europe. [children] => Array [name] => Human Rights Commissioner ;/-}. "[96] A feature of the new forum is that Russia and Belarus are deliberately excluded,[96] but that does not immediately explain the need for a different entity, Russia is no longer a member of the Council of Europe and Belarus only participates partially, as a non-member. [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/382-youth Some very early speeches by individuals considered to be "founding figures" of the European institutions, even if they were not heads of state or government at the time, are also included (such as Sir Winston Churchill or Robert Schuman). On 10 August 1949, 100 members of the council's Consultative Assembly, parliamentarians drawn from the twelve member nations, met in Strasbourg for its first plenary session, held over 18 sittings and lasting nearly a month. Others again saw it as a nascent "United States of Europe", the resonant phrase that Churchill had reached for at Zurich in 1946. [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/386-resources-for-young-people [50] After the fall of Communism with the Revolutions of 1989 and the collapse of the Soviet Union, the post-Soviet states in Europe that began democratization joined: Hungary (1990), Poland (1991), Bulgaria (1992), Estonia (1993), Lithuania (1993), Slovenia (1993), the Czech Republic (1993), Slovakia (1993), Romania (1993), Latvia (1995), Moldova (1995), Albania (1995), Ukraine (1995), the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (1995) (later renamed North Macedonia), Russia (1996, expelled 2022), Croatia (1996), Georgia (1999), Armenia (2001), Azerbaijan (2001), Bosnia and Herzegovina (2002) and Serbia and Montenegro (later Serbia) (2003). ) ) [desc] => [64], Russia became a member of the Council of Europe in 1996. ( ) ( Since then, 20 other schools have been set up along the same lines and now form an Association;[82] a genuine network now covering the whole of Eastern and South-Eastern Europe and the Caucasus, as well as some countries in the Southern Mediterranean region. ), International human rights organizations also had mixed reactions to the results at Brighton. ( ( [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/238-terrorism [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/220-minority-languages [desc] => ) The Congress of Local and Regional Authorities is responsible for strengthening local and regional democracy in its 47 member states. [1] => Array ( [desc] => [1] => Array ( ) [id] => 176 The Council of Europe was the first European organisation to be founded after the end of the Second World War. First practices on the protection of human rights are mostly at the national level. [name] => European Court of Human Rights ) In 2018, an archive of all speeches made to the PACE by heads of state or government since the Council of Europe's creation in 1949 appeared online, the fruit of a two-year project entitled "Voices of Europe". [id] => 393 [children] => Array ) The European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) is an international court established in 1959. "LL File No. ) ( ) [desc] => ( Tel: +33 (0)3 88 41 20 29 - Fax: +33 (0)3 88 41 27 54 - E-mail: visites@coe.int. ( [id] => 224 In August 1949, Paul-Henri Spaak resigned as Belgium's foreign minister in order to be elected as the first president of the assembly. ) 2018-016806." [children] => Array [8] But it was Britain's wartime leader Sir Winston Churchill who first publicly suggested the creation of a "Council of Europe" in a BBC radio broadcast on 21 March 1943,[9] while the Second World War was still raging. In this framework, there are new regulations at two levels. ( ) ( [92][93] In 2013 The Economist agreed, saying that the "Council of Europe's credibility is on the line". https://www.loc.gov/item/global-legal-monitor/2012-05-07/council-of-europe-european-court-of-human-rights-47-member-states-adopt-the-brighton-declaration/. [4] => Array The Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE) was historically the first European Parliamentary Assembly. The first School of Political Studies was created in Moscow in 1992. [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/179-democracy Kanstantsin Dzehtsiarou & Donal K. Coffey, Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines, Convention on the Prevention of Terrorism, Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings, Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine, The European Commission for the Efficiency of Justice (CEPEJ), European Committee for the Prevention of Torture, European Commission against Racism and Intolerance, Convention for the protection of individuals with regard to automatic processing of personal data, Convention on the Protection of Children against Sexual Exploitation and Sexual Abuse, Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence, European Charter of Local Self-Government, European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities, European Convention on Transfrontier Television, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Permanent Representatives and Ambassadors, INGOs Conference of the Council of Europe, seat of the European Parliament in Strasbourg, Russia launched a full-scale military invasion of Ukraine, Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats, Council of EuropeEuropean Union relations, European Convention on the Recognition of the Legal Personality of International Non-Governmental Organisations, Common European Framework of Reference for Languages, List of linguistic rights in European constitutions, "BBC News - Profile: The Council of Europe", "Lumni | Enseignement - Discours d'Aristide Briand devant la SDN du 7 septembre 1929", "Post-War Councils on World Problems: A FOUR YEAR PLAN FOR ENGLAND by WINSTON CHURCHILL, Prime Minister of Great Britain, broadcast from London over BBC, March 21, 1943", "Winston Churchill and the Council of Europe", "Speeches made to the Parliamentary Assembly (19492018)", "European Commission: PaulHenri Spaak: a European visionary and talented persuader", "Accession of Germany to the Council of Europe (Strasbourg, 2 May 1951) - CVCE Website", "Speeches made to the Parliamentary Assembly (by Country)", "All speeches by heads of state and government to PACE since 1949 online", "Discours prononcs devant l'Assemble parlementaire (19492018) - par pays", "The Council of Europe and the European Union", "Details of Treaty No.198: Council of Europe Convention on Laundering, Search, Seizure and Confiscation of the Proceeds from Crime and on the Financing of Terrorism", "Details of Treaty No.174: Civil Law Convention on Corruption", "Microsoft Word - Convention 197 Trafficking E.doc", "Details of Treaty No.210: Council of Europe Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence", "Details of Treaty No.135: Anti-Doping Convention", "Jagland re-elected head of Council of Europe", "Full list (Chart of signatures and ratifications of Treaty 194)", "Biography - Commissioner for Human Rights", "A word from the President on the occasion of the 40th anniversary of the Conference of INGOs of the Council of Europe", "Statute of the Council of Europe, London, 5.V.1949", "Council of Europe law: Towards a pan-European legal area", "Statute of the Council of Europe is signed in London", "13 July 1950: Federal Republic of Germany joins the Council of Europe", "Council of Europe Raises Bonn To the Status of a Full Member", "Franco's Spain and the Council of Europe", Centre virtuel de la connaissance sur l'Europe, Suspension and expulsion of members of the Council of Europe: difficult decisions in troubled times, The party politics of Euroscepticism in times of crisis: The case of Greece, Council of Europe Restores Russia's Voting Rights, Russia cancels payment to Council of Europe after claiming its delegates are being persecuted over Crimea, "Russia withholds payments to the Council of Europe", "Russia tests Council of Europe in push to regain vote", "A Classic Dilemma: Russia's Threat to Withdraw from the Council of Europe", "Council of Europe restores Russia's voting rights". [desc] => ) ( [children] => Array In October 2022, a new and different Pan-European meeting of 44 states was held, as the "inaugural summit of the European Political Community", a new forum largely organized by French President Emmanuel Macron. [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/235-corruption ) [4] => Array [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/398-teacher-education ( ) ( The European Court of Human Rights The European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) is an international court [desc] => [46], The Council of Europe has external offices all over the European continent and beyond. [89] Salaries and emoluments paid by the Council of Europe to its officials are tax-exempt on the basis of Article18 of the General Agreement on Privileges and Immunities of the Council of Europe.[88]. [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/192-trafficking-in-human-beings [name] => Environment [0] => Array [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/170-human-rights [Web Page] Retrieved from the Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/global-legal-monitor/2012-05-07/council-of-europe-european-court-of-human-rights-47-member-states-adopt-the-brighton-declaration/. [name] => Different roles, shared values [7] => Array [2] => Array [desc] => [50] Spain joined in 1977, two years after the death of its dictator Francisco Franco and the Spanish transition to democracy. ( [87], The General Agreement on Privileges and Immunities of the Council of Europe grants the organisation certain privileges and immunities. Therefore, the Human Rights Commission was established under the Economic and Social Council. [children] => Array "[21] Membership is open to all European states who seek harmony, cooperation, good governance and human rights, accepting the principle of the rule of law and are able and willing to guarantee democracy, fundamental human rights and freedoms. [desc] => [7] => Array [name] => Terrorism [desc] => ( [desc] => ( [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/195-european-social-charter [id] => 203 [id] => 190 ) [desc] => [children] => Array [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/211-intercultural-and-interreligious-dialogue ( ) [id] => 382 [children] => Array The suspension blocked Russia from participation in the council's ministerial council, the PACE, and the Council of the Baltic Sea States, but still left Russia obligated to follow the ECHR. [id] => 201 [children] => Array ) [name] => Educational tools ) ) [name] => Institutions The EU would thus be subject to its human rights law and external monitoring as its member states currently are. In a speech in 1929, French Foreign Minister Aristide Briand floated the idea of an organisation which would gather European nations together in a "federal union" to resolve common problems. [id] => 180 [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/222-lgbt [id] => 364 ) ( ) [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/402-resources-for-teachers [3] => Array [0] => Array ( [1] => Array ) hZn7}yK$(d7AE`/Hu:@{(QvKAC:N S&Lt1KhtdXEknbcmaI;!%Ii(P ) ) However, these organizations criticized the lack of effort to deal with some of the ECtHR's more pressing problems, including stemming its growing caseload and improving state compliance with Court judgments. [5] => Array [0] => Array [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/374-fundamental-freedoms [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/208-culture-heritage-nature [id] => 222 [name] => Annual activity report [65] In response, Russia began to boycott the Assembly in 2016, and beginning in 2017 refused to pay its annual membership dues of 32.6 million euros (US$37.1 million) to the Council[65][66] placing the institution under financial strain. [desc] => (The Statute does not define the "serious violation" phrase. ( Both approaches were finally combined through the creation of a Committee of Ministers (in which governments were represented) and a Consultative Assembly (in which parliaments were represented), the two main bodies mentioned in the Statute of the Council of Europe. ) [7] => Array [0] => Array [children] => Array ) [desc] => Web Page. ) [id] => 374 [children] => Array [id] => 211 [children] => Array [4] => Array [children] => Array Includes bibliographical references. ) ( ( The Council of Europe Visitors Service organises guided tours and study programmes adapted to each group. [name] => History teaching Study programmes are tours tailored to the needs and interests of the groups (teachers, lawyers, university students, etc.). [13] => Array [2] => Array [name] => Minority languages [id] => 240 [63] Under Article 8 of the Statute, if a member state fails to withdraw upon request, the Committee may terminate its membership, in consultation with the PACE. Bucharest has a Council of Europe Office on Cybercrime. [50] The Council now has 46 member states, with Montenegro (2007) being the latest to join. [4] => Array ) ( [desc] => [3] => Array The archive is searchable by country, by name, and chronologically.[20]. Addresses by eight monarchs appear in the list (such as King Juan Carlos I of Spain, King Albert II of Belgium and Grand Duke Henri of Luxembourg) as well as the speeches given by religious figures (such as Pope John Paul II, and Pope Francis) and several leaders from countries in the Middle East and North Africa (such as Shimon Peres, Yasser Arafat, Hosni Mubarak, Lopold Sdar Senghor or King Hussein of Jordan). ) [desc] => It includes 47 member states, 27 of which are members of the European Union. Designed to interest young people in the protection of the Council of Europe's core values, [name] => Law gPEEj@ [5] => Array [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/202-cybercrime ( ( ) [name] => Data protection [name] => European Cultural Convention [4] => Array [id] => 2 [children] => Array [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/205-drug-policies [11] => Array The Czech Presidency of the Council of the European Union announced member states reached a common position on the draft Artificial Intelligence Act. [desc] => ) 14 of the convention is designed to allow the EU to accede to it and the EU Treaty of Lisbon contains a protocol binding the EU to join. The Court supervises compliance with the European Convention on Human Rights and thus functions as the highest European court. [name] => Prevention of torture [45] The European Youth Centre is located in the Wacken district. [id] => 197 ( ( ( [name] => An overview ( Home Thematic Maps Council of Europe / Council of Europe Members / Council of Europe Map. [children] => Array However, several conventions have also been opened for signature to non-member states. ) ) In a speech in 1929, French Foreign Minister Aristide Briand floated the idea of an organisation which would gather European nations together in a "federal union" to resolve common problems. [children] => Array [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/243-congress-of-local-and-regional-authorities [id] => 407 ( ( ) [id] => 202 [name] => Youth in Europe ( ) [children] => Array [children] => Array [id] => 214 [children] => Array the Wallet would be an eID means in its own right ( [desc] => [0] => Array [id] => 234 [97] The Human Rights Watch criticized the Council of Europe in 2014 for allowing Azerbaijan to assume the six-month rotating chairmanship of the council's Committee of Ministers, writing that the Azeri government's repression of human rights defenders, dissidents, and journalists "shows sheer contempt for its commitments to the Council of Europe". [desc] => [children] => Array Impact in 47 countries The States condemned by the European Court of Human Rights have the obligation to erase the consequences of the violation for the victim and to take general measures [0] => Array [desc] => It encompasses fundamental rights and public freedoms in the broad sense of domestic law and the rights envisaged and protected by international law. [name] => Minority rights [desc] => [id] => 205 The deal which included cooperation between member states in the sport of football and safety and security at football matches was finalized in October 2018. ( [50] The United States became an observer state in 1995. [name] => Intercultural and interreligious dialogue [id] => 216 [id] => 235 ( ( [6] => Array [children] => Array Council of Europe Liaison Office in Brussels: The office is in charge of liaison with the European Union, Council of Europe Office in Geneva: Permanent Delegation of the Council of Europe to the United Nations Office and other international organisations in Geneva, Council of Europe Office in Vienna: The office is in charge of liaison with the, Council of Europe Office in Warsaw: The office is in charge of liaison with other international organisations and institutions in Warsaw, in particular the Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (OSCE/ODIHR). [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/215-the-council-of-europe-and-the-european-union ) [6] => Array The Agency is a separate international organization with no organic ties to the European Union. ) [id] => 178 [67][68][69] In June 2019, the Council voted (on a 11862 vote, with 10 abstentions) to restore Russia's voting rights in the council. There are also concerns about consistency in case law the European Court of Justice (the EU's court in Luxembourg) is treating the convention as part of the legal system of all EU member states in order to prevent conflict between its judgements and those of the European Court of Human Rights (the court in Strasbourg interpreting the convention). ) ) [88], The working conditions of staff are governed by the council's staff regulations, which are public. After Azerbaijan joined the CoE in 2001, both the Council and its Parliamentary Assembly were criticized for having a weak response to election rigging and human rights violations in Azerbaijan. ( Council of Europe; European Court of Human Rights: 47 Member States Adopt the Brighton Declaration. Inclusion Europe works with the Council of Europe to promote the rights of people with intellectual disabilities [0] => Array The Commission has adopted the draft Bill prepared for this purpose as Universal Declaration of Human Rights by a resolution of the General Assembly on 12.12.1948. ) [children] => Array [children] => Array [desc] => ) cZ a^"Av_;#k7dKCuOhF @BR|9jV[@&H5hFxZ "ijq ,ZEB5idhd:' j1|X2m NNC@v:NH.0>2-g[[g+:B #;@all26fcSD!A!a;/v{7zx~{vOmk+~?w2?>~vbbF5s{u~^e?>/em^\}/~?uc=~'+I'+NV\_YrYvz|~z/r=>-\$_r\9x:FDk? Visitors Service - Public Relations [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/410-artificial-intelligence [99][100] A 219-page report was issued in 2018 after a ten-month investigation. ( [2] => Array [desc] => [desc] => [desc] => [children] => Array [desc] => [id] => 210 ) There are also Council of Europe Offices in Baku, Belgrade, Chisinau, Kyiv, Paris, Pristina, Sarajevo, Tbilisi, Tirana, and Yerevan. [desc] => [3] => Array [name] => Human rights [desc] => ( ) But it was Britain's wartime leader Sir Winston Churchill who first publicly suggested the creation of a "Council of Europe" in a BBC radio broadcast on 21 March 1943, while the Second World War was still ra [4] => Array [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/207-health-care [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/407-history-teaching [name] => Roma and Travellers [children] => Array ( [desc] => Today, this is the European Court of Human Rights, whose rulings are binding on 47 European nations, the most far-reaching system of international justice anywhere in the world. [name] => Civil society [name] => Medicines Brighton Declaration: States Must Be Serious About European Court's Judgments Instead of Tampering with Its Independence, Brighton Conference on ECHR Reform Leaves Work Ahead. The Council of Europe has produced over 200 treaties and conventions in many fields of activity. ) Founded in 1949 by the Treaty of London and based in Strasbourg, France, the Council of Europe is the continents leading human rights organisation. [58][59] Joining later were Austria (1956), Cyprus (1961), Switzerland (1963), Malta (1965), and Portugal (1976). The Council of Europe's most famous achievement is the European Convention on Human Rights, which was adopted in 1950 following a report by the PACE, and followed on from the United Nations 'Universal Declaration of Human Rights' (UDHR). [children] => Array [61], Although most Council members are predominantly Christian in heritage, there are three Muslim-majority member states: Turkey, Albania, and Azerbaijan. ) ( [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/247-conferences-on-the-future-of-the-european-court-of-human-rights [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/379-international-law Nor is the Council of Europe to be confused with the European Union itself. ( The Council of Europe works in the following areas: The institutions of the Council of Europe are: The CoE system also includes a number of semi-autonomous structures known as "Partial Agreements", some of which are also open to non-member states: The seat of the Council of Europe is in Strasbourg, France. 2|ah8P[!\/b%-b2;j=ZM/2a4 7 O&t>5A+?b v&B8KB0-"i-Rf;g(#f4)^ -"sghB,Z^ 3:fT$aRZXZ%CbaU5\ An@6sA%N+B(i%8PCGM@Yk "+EKVQA [name] => 11 - 18 years [id] => 172 [name] => Teaching History [10] => Array ( ( ) The beginning of co-operation between the CoE and the UN started with the agreement signed by the Secretariats of these institutions on 15 December 1951. More than 50,000 new applications are lodged with the Court every year, mostly by individuals. [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/242-parliamentary-assembly [2] => Array ) In 2014, after Russia invaded and annexed Crimea from Ukraine and supported separatists in eastern Ukraine, precipitating a bloody conflict, the Council stripped Russia of its voting rights in the PACE. 15(a)); 3) amendment of the admissibility criteria (id. [children] => Array The European Convention on Human Rights Moreover, there are two chambers, one of which is a chamber of local administrations and the other is a chamber of regional administrations. [5] => Array ) There are joint projects of the European Union and the Council of Europe in many countries. [children] => Array [65][70] Opponents of lifting the suspension included Ukraine and other post-Soviet countries, such as Poland and the Baltic states, who argued that readmission amounted to normalizing Russia's malign activity. All Council of Europe member states have signed up to the European Convention on Human Rights, a treaty designed to protect human rights, democracy and the rule of law. ) +33 3 88 41 20 00, Fichier indisponible, contactez-nous pour plus d'informations, 47 states, one Organisation the Council of Europe, Array ( [name] => Children and the Internet [id] => 200 [id] => 218 [children] => Array [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/404-educational-tools Council of Europe; European Court of Human Rights: 47 Member States Adopt the Brighton Declaration. The headquarters of the Council of Europe, as well as its Court of Human Rights, are situated in Strasbourg, France. [id] => 390 ( [children] => Array One of the council's first acts was to welcome West Germany into its fold on 2 May 1951,[16] setting a pattern of post-war reconciliation that was to become a hallmark of the council, and beginning a long process of "enlargement" which was to see the organisation grow from its original ten founding member states to the 47 nations that make up the Council of Europe today. [children] => Array [desc] => However, in December 1951, after nearly three years in the role, Spaak resigned in disappointment after the Assembly rejected proposals for a "European political authority". [8] => Array [63] Article 8 of the Statute provides that any member who has "seriously violated" Article 3 may be suspended from its rights of representation, and that the Committee of Ministers may request that such a member withdraw from the Council under Article 7. ( ( [children] => Array The Council of Europe was signed into existence on 5 May 1949 by the Treaty of London, the organisation's founding Statute which set out the three basic values that should guide its work: democracy, human rights and the rule of law. ) [2] => Array [3] => Array Highest Mountains in the World (higher than 8,000 meters), Tourism in the Philippines: 20 Reasons to Visit, Tourism in Micronesia, 20 Reasons to Visit Micronesia. It was also assigned to work on this issue. Ahmad, Tariq - Law Library of Congress (U.S.). [98] An internal inquiry was set up in 2017 amid allegations of bribery by Azerbajian government officials and criticism of "caviar diplomacy at the Council. There were two competing schools of thought: some favoured a classical international organisation with representatives of governments, while others preferred a political forum with parliamentarians. 1, To receive multiple printed copies, subject to availability, please, Living Together - Diversity and Freedom in Europe, Intercultural and interreligious dialogue, The Council of Europe and the European Union, Human rights, democratic citizenship and interculturalism, Congress of Local and Regional Authorities, Conferences on the future of the European Court of Human Rights. [name] => Death penalty [3] => Array The European Court of Human Rights works with the Council of Europe. [children] => Array ) [1] => Array ( ( [children] => Array ( [name] => The Council of Europe in brief The Council of Europe drafted the European Convention on the Recognition of the Legal Personality of International Non-Governmental Organisations in 1986, which sets the legal basis for the existence and work of NGOs in Europe. [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/193-society ) [desc] => "Council of Europe suspends Russia's rights of representation", "The Russian Federation is excluded from the Council of Europe", "Russia Quits Europe's Rule of Law Body, Sparking Questions Over Death Penalty", "Dmitry Medvedev vows to reintroduce death penalty", "The Council of Europe and the European Union sign an agreement to foster mutual cooperation", "Council of Europe European Union: "A sole ambition for the European continent", "Draft treaty modifying the treaty on the European Union and the treaty establishing the European community", "The Council of Europe's Relations with the United Nations", "COUNCIL OF EUROPE COMMITTEE OF MINISTERS Resolution Res(2003)8 Participatory status for international non-governmental organisations with the Council of Europe (Adopted by the Committee of Ministers on 19 November 2003 at the 861st meeting of the Ministers' Deputies)", "UEFA and the Council of Europe sign Memorandum of Understanding", "Council of Europe and FIFA ink landmark deal on cooperation in shared areas", General Agreement on Privileges and Immunities of the Council of Europe, Resolutions on the Council of Europe Staff Regulations, "Flag, anthem and logo: the Council of Europe's symbols", "The Brief: Council of Europe in hunt for relevance", "What the 2014 Havel Prize says about the Council of Europe and what should happen now", "Europe holds 44-leader summit, leaves Russia in the cold", "Council of Europe members suspected of corruption, inquiry reveals", "Azerbaijan: Government Repression Tarnishes Chairmanship Council of Europe's Leadership Should Take Action", Council of Europe urged to investigate Azerbaijan bribery allegations, "Il Consiglio d'Europa e il caso Azerbaijan tra regali e milioni", Italian Court Sentences Former Council of Europe MP for Bribery, Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project, Commission against Racism and Intolerance, Sovereign states and dependent territories, Collective Security Treaty Organisation (CSTO), North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO), Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation, Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA), Customs Union of Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Russia (CUBKR), Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation, Community of Latin American and Caribbean States, Economic Community of West African States, Forum for the Progress and Integration of South America, GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development, Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership, South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation, Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf (GCC), Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), The Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC), ChinaJapanSouth Korea trilateral summits, South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC), Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO), South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone, AustraliaNew ZealandUnited States Security Treaty (ANZUS), BrazilRussiaIndiaChinaSouth Africa (BRICS), ColombiaIndonesiaVietnamEgyptTurkeySouth Africa (CIVETS), IndiaBrazilSouth Africa Dialogue Forum (IBSA), Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Organisation internationale de la Francophonie (OIF), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Council_of_Europe&oldid=1126689261, International organizations based in Europe, International organizations based in France, United Nations General Assembly observers, Infoboxes without native name language parameter, Articles needing additional references from May 2017, All articles needing additional references, Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia, Pages using Sister project links with wikidata namespace mismatch, Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Promotion of cultural co-operation and diversity under the Council of Europe's, Promotion of the right to education under Article2 of the first Protocol to the, Promotion of European youth exchanges and co-operation through European Youth Centres in, Promotion of the quality of medicines throughout Europe by the. [children] => Array ( [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/177-prevention-of-torture He returned to the idea during a well-known speech at the University of Zurich on 19 September 1946,[11][12] throwing the full weight of his considerable post-war prestige behind it. ) ( [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/199-internet [62] Currently, Canada, the Holy See, Japan, Mexico, and the United States are observer states, while Israel is an observer to the PACE. [desc] => [0] => Array ) The concept of human rights, in general, is the whole of the rights that people have in accordance with human dignity because they are human. The Congress comprises 648 elected representatives representing more than 200,000 European local and regional authorities. [desc] => [name] => Corruption ) ( ( ( ( ) ) ) [desc] => [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/204-bioethics [children] => Array ( ( The Council of Europe is the continent's leading human rights organisation. [86], The Council of Europe also signed an agreement with FIFA in which the two agreed to strengthen future cooperation in areas of common interests. ( [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/240-institutions Besides its headquarters in Strasbourg, the Council of Europe is also present in other cities and countries. [id] => 372 ( ) ( [84] Currently, the Council of Europe holds observer status with the United Nations and is regularly represented in the UN General Assembly. [id] => 394 Since these rights are of interest to all people, they need protection in the international arena. [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/196-migration [1] => Array [68] Russia had threatened to withdraw from the Council unless its voting rights were restored in time for the election of a new secretary general. [desc] => [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/372-refugees ( [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/413-civil-society The Council of Europe is a different organization from the EU Council of Ministers. [children] => Array 712 0 obj <>stream ( [97] The inquiry also named Italian member Luca Volont as a suspect in "activities of a corruptive nature". There are currently 47 member states in the Council of Europe. [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/176-death-penalty ) ( [name] => Congress of Local and Regional Authorities There is one member per member state, but members are bound by their oath of office to represent the general interest of the EU as a whole rather than their home state. The Commission President (currently Ursula von der Leyen) is proposed by the European Council (the 27 heads of state) and elected by the European Parliament. ) ) [name] => Culture and democracy [2] Founded in 1949, it has 46 member states, with a population of approximately 675 million; it operates with an annual budget of approximately 500 million euros. [90][91], The Council of Europe has been accused of not having any meaningful purpose, being superfluous in its aims to other pan-European bodies, including the European Union and OSCE. [desc] => ( [id] => 391 4) drafting of a new optional protocol that would allow national courts to request advisory opinions from the Strasbourg court (id. Given that Europe had been at the origin of two world wars, the creation of such a body would be, he suggested, "a stupendous business". For guidance about compiling full citations consult Citing Primary Sources. Publications of the Library of Congress are works of the United States Government as defined in theUnited States Code 17 U.S.C. ) [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/194-living-together-diversity-and-freedom-in-europe [90], The wide private and public use of the European Flag is encouraged to symbolise a European dimension. ( [children] => Array [children] => Array [children] => Array ) [children] => Array [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/180-local-democracy [link] => ( The Council of Europe is an intergovernmental organization established in 1949 to defend human rights, democracy, and the rule of law across Europe. The various activities and achievements of the Council of Europe can be found in detail on its official website. [children] => Array ( [name] => International law [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/245-human-rights-commissioner [children] => Array The group includes more than 50 experts. Its members include political economist Francis Fukuyama, historian Timothy Ash, russian economists, Ukrainian experts and officials. The plan developed by them consists of ten main points. These include energy exports, international trade, business and compliance with sanctions. 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