The rapid ejection of this jet of water enables the animal to execute quick backward and forward movements. [28], "Ammonite" redirects here. For information regarding our operations, click here. [8][9] However, a number of questionable size records would suggest E. dofleini is the largest of all octopus species by a considerable margin,[10] including a report of one up to 272kg (600lb) in weight with a 9-metre (30-foot) arm span. Because ammonites and their close relatives are extinct, little is known about their way of life. [19], Scavengers and other organisms often attempt to eat octopus eggs, even when the female is present to protect them. Original text by Jann Vendetti, UCMP, 2006. Roper, a similar situation exists in the deep-sea squid Bathyteuthis. For their body size, cephalopod eyes are relatively large. In general, the pelagic and planktonic cephalopods conform in their distribution to other pelagic animals. A number of aptychi have been given their own genus and even species names independent of their unknown owners' genus and species, pending future discovery of verified occurrences within ammonite shells. [3] Over thousands of years, humans have caught them using lures, spears, pot traps, nets, and bare hands. (Giant Australian Cuttlefish, Sepia apama). Many of these also have much or all of the original shell, as well as the complete body chamber, still intact. Cuttlefish have a large brain-to-body size ratioamong the biggest of all invertebrateswhich makes them incredibly intelligent. [citation needed], Some octopuses exhibit the ability to alter speeds of sodium and potassium ion movement across cell membranes, allowing them to live in very cold water. A crypt is a small sac that houses luminous bacteria and a lens is a complex stack of tiny reflecting plates that controls the luminescence of this bacteria. Nonetheless, much has been worked out by examining ammonoid shells and by using models of these shells in water tanks. Squids that attach their eggs to the bottom engulf them in a gelatinous mass that protects them from disease and deters predators. Some open-ocean pelagic and bathypelagic forms are cosmopolitan in warm and temperate waters (Onychoteuthis banksi, Cranchia scabra). General Admission. Females do not leave, and die with their eggs at nesting sites. This type of ornamentation of the shell is especially evident in the later ammonites of the Cretaceous. Mix ounce of squid ink in with the eggs and gradually work the flour into the egg mixture. They are common, cosmopolitan members of the family Delphinidae, the family of oceanic dolphins. The industry made famous in 'Tiger King' to be banned, A rare look at the worlds most expensive sheep. The siphuncle is an internal tube that runs through and connects the chambers of the shell. Nishiguchi. Both cuttlefishes and octopuses may use the tips of their arms as wormlike lures to attract small fishes, and octopuses have been reported to thrust stones between the valves of clams to prevent their closing. [24] After reproduction, they enter a stage called senescence, which involves obvious changes in behavior and appearance, including a reduced appetite, retraction of skin around the eyes giving them a more pronounced appearance, increased activity in uncoordinated patterns, and white lesions all over the body. It contains a series of progressively larger chambers, called camerae (sing. Colours and colour patterns are exhibited according to specific behavioral conditionse.g., attack on prey, camouflage, rest, and alarm or defense. Asexual reproduction occurs under favorable environmental conditions to allow a rapid expansion of the hydra population. The ink of cephalopods is used for both defense and escape. Octopuses, squids, and cuttlefishes display considerable skill and cunning in hunting, stalking patiently, or luring prey within reach of their arms or tentacles. If changes are possible by the individual, these octopuses might be able to adapt quickly to changing climate scenarios.[21]. Their soft body parts are very rarely preserved in any detail. These molluscs, commonly referred to as ammonites, are more closely related to living coleoids (i.e., octopuses, squid and cuttlefish) than they are to shelled nautiloids such as the living Nautilus species. Alarm patterns are the most readily recognized, consisting of strong contrasting light and dark areas, bars and peripheral dark outlines, or vivid displays of spots, like huge eyes. 1989. Following its DNA analysis, the giant Pacific octopus may actually prove to be three subspecies (one in Japan, another in Alaska, and a third in Puget Sound). Open to guests of all ages, the Private Dining packages include a self-guided tour of the aquarium, a three-course dinner and a two-hour beverage package. A new discovery took scientists by surprise, 3 takeaways from CITES, the worlds leading wildlife summit, This parasite can manipulate the minds of animalsand humans, Building back better for southern Africas working women, A rogue barrier threatens wildlife on Arizona border, 2-million-year-old DNA reveals a lost Arctic world, Why deforestation mattersand what we can do to stop it, Europes water crisis is much worse than we thought, Why carbon dioxide is both friend and foe. Adult specimens reached only 10mm (0.39in) in shell diameter. These fascinating creatures can count, exert self-control, and have numerous wily tactics to evade predators, including creating their own body double from a cloud of ink. These cephalopods (which means head foot) have eight arms and two long tentacles attached directly to their head. In the squids a much larger section of the arm may be modified; often the suckers are degenerate and the distal half of the arm bears rows of slender papillae, although special pouches and flaps may often be found. Another defense mechanism involves squirting a cloud of ink as a distraction while the cuttlefish tries to escape, sometimes even mixing mucus with the ink to create a pseudomorph in the shape of their body as a decoy. [31] The giant Pacific octopus has not been assessed by the Monterey Bay Aquarium Seafood Watch, although other octopus species are listed. Squid ink can be found in specialty gourmet shops or can be extracted from the ink sacs of fresh squid or cuttlefish. In loliginid squids a somewhat similar type of mating occurs, except that it takes place en masse in schools of thousands of individuals. The finned octopods and the bottle-tailed squids have paddle-shaped fins that probably are most useful for hovering and slow swimming. Some ammonites have been found in association with a single horny plate or a pair of calcitic plates. Grace E. Pickford, an American zoologist, has found that the vertical distribution of young in Vampyroteuthis is governed by water density, and, according to the American zoologist Clyde F.E. Incubation time varies, but in Octopus young hatch in about 50 days and in Loligo in about 40 days. Ammonites (subclass Ammonoidea) can be distinguished by their septa, the dividing walls that separate the chambers in the phragmocone, by the nature of their sutures where the septa join the outer shell wall, and in general by their siphuncles. Nearly all women suffer from hot flashes during menopause. It can lay between 120,000 and 400,000 eggs which are coated in chorion, and attached to a hard surface by the female. [21] As it grew, it added newer and larger chambers to the open end of the coil. oviparous) from live-bearing (Latin. Lobes and saddles which are so far towards the center of the whorl that they are covered up by succeeding whorls are labelled internal lobes and saddles. [36] Lower trophic levels include all prey items, and may fluctuate inversely with octopus abundance. The spermatophores are complicated, containing sperm reservoir, cement body, cap, and a delicate triggering mechanism for releasing the tube and cementing it to the females body, where the sperm are released when the eggs are mature and ready to be laid. In the aftermath of the PermianTriassic extinction event, Ceratitids represent the dominant group of Triassic ammonites. Octopuses, cuttlefish, and squid have eight non-retractable arms, but only cuttlefish and squid (Sepioidea and Teuthoidea) have tentacles (two each). With a centralized brain, the largest of all invertebrates, and highly developed eyes and other sense organs, they are able to remember and learn by example or through trial and error. Cuttlefish or cuttles are marine molluscs of the order Sepiida.They belong to the class Cephalopoda which also includes squid, octopuses, and nautiluses.Cuttlefish have a unique internal shell, the cuttlebone, which is used for control of buoyancy.. Cuttlefish have large, W-shaped pupils, eight arms, and two tentacles furnished with denticulated suckers, with which The classification of ammonoids is based in part on the ornamentation and structure of the septa comprising their shells' gas chambers. Similarly, ammonite fossils encountered by the early Romans were mistaken for horns, and termed "ammonites" for the coiled horns of the Egyptian ram-god Ammon. In loliginids they are fertilized as they are ejected and before being fixed in the egg capsule. There are numerous littoral species, but few have been reported from brackish water except for the squid Lolliguncula brevis, which occurs along the Florida coast in bays where the salinity is as low as 8.5 parts per thousand (about one-fourth that of the open ocean). Due to their rapid evolution and widespread distribution, ammonoids are used by geologists and paleontologists for biostratigraphy. Schools of the large oceanic squid Thysanoteuthis rhombis have been reported at Madeira. [21] DNA techniques have assisted in genetic and phylogenetic analysis of the species' evolutionary past. Upon closer inspection, though, the shell proves to be a three-dimensional network of connected "U" shapes. Nautilus, which swims slowly above the bottom or in midwater, accomplishes this similarly, adjusting the gases in the chambered shell. Penguin Passport is your ticket to a once-in-a-lifetime encounter with SEA LIFE Melbourne's colony of sub-Antarctic penguins. The smaller earlier segments were walled off and the animal could maintain its buoyancy by filling them with gas. Tentacles are longer than arms, are retractable, and usually have a blade-shaped or flattened tip, called a club, which is covered in suckers. Isolated ammonite soft body from the Late Jurassic of Eichsttt (Germany) with complete digestive tract and male reproductive organs", "New evidence from exceptionally "well-preserved" specimens sheds light on the structure of the ammonite brachial crown", "Ammonites on the Brink of Extinction: Diversity, Abundance, and Ecology of the Order Ammonoidea at the Cretaceous/Paleogene (K/Pg) Boundary", "Evidence for ammonite survival into the Danian (Paleogene) from the Cerithium Limestone at Stevns Klint, Denmark", "Ammonoids Across the Permian/Triassic Boundary: A Cladistic Perspective", Cretaceous Fossils Taxonomic Index for Order Ammonoitida, Deeply Buried Sediments Tell Story of Sudden Mass Extinction, Descriptions and pictures of ammonite fossils, goniat.org, a palaezoic ammonoid database, paleozoic.org: gallery of ammonite photographs, TaxonConcept's data on cretaceous ammonites, The ammonites of Peacehaven - photos of giant cretaceous ammonites in Southern England, tonmo.com: The octopus news magazine online. Traders would occasionally carve the head of a snake onto the empty, wide end of the ammonite fossil, and then sell them as petrified snakes. The cephalopods agree with the rest of the Mollusca in basic structure, and the ancestors appear to have the closest affinity with the ancestors of the class Gastropoda. Studies undertaken at the Zoological Station in Naples by the British zoologists J.Z. Both marine and freshwater mussels are gonochoristic, with separate male and female individuals. Ammonites are excellent index fossils, and linking the rock layer in which a particular species or genus is found to specific geologic time periods is often possible. Mosasaur Bite Marks on an Ammonite. Climate change is complex, with predicted biotic and abiotic changes to multiple processes including oxygen limitation, reproduction, ocean acidification, toxins, effects on other trophic levels, and RNA editing. [26], Octopuses are ranked as the most intelligent invertebrates. Winter is coming. [15][16] Food is procured with its suckers and then bitten using its tough beak of chitin. In the food cycle of the squid Illex, in which the adults feed upon young mackerel and the adult mackerel feed upon young squid. Much larger forms are found in the later rocks of the upper part of the Jurassic and the lower part of the Cretaceous, such as Titanites from the Portland Stone of Jurassic of southern England, which is often 53cm (1.74ft) in diameter, and Parapuzosia seppenradensis of the Cretaceous period of Germany, which is one of the largest-known ammonites, sometimes reaching 2m (6.6ft) in diameter. Take a look at some of our global conversation work with our charity, the SEA LIFE Trust and how you can help. This structure is probably the most sophisticated eye of all invertebrates and is as complex as the vertebrate eye, though the two are not homologous. Cosgrove, J. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Exploring the latest in scientific discoveries from prehistoric life to missions to Mars. Still other species' shells are coiled helically, similar in appearance to some gastropods (e.g., Turrilites and Bostrychoceras). It can narrow and widen in different brightnesses but resolves images poorly, so probably is useful only to detect light. By the end of the Cretaceous Period however, extinction had wiped out the ammonoids entirely and left only one surviving nautiloid clade, the genus Nautilus. Will be back again, Opening times today: 10am - 5pm (Last entry at 4pm), Meet amazing local species in Seahorse Pier. Light from the bacteria projects downward and the squid can manipulate its intensity to match any light coming from above. Carpet sharks are sharks classified in the order Orectolobiformes / r k t l b f r m i z /.Sometimes the common name "carpet shark" (named so because many species resemble ornately patterned carpets) is used interchangeably with "wobbegong", which is the common name of sharks in the family Orectolobidae.Carpet sharks have five gill slits, two spineless By controlling the 10 million color cells within their skin, they can quickly change color, pattern, and texturesometimes completing the illusion by making shapes with their tentacles to better blend into the background. They are almost always found detached from the shell, and are only very rarely preserved in place. With this dummy left behind, the squid contracts its chromatophores, becomes nearly transparent, and jets away. We are leaving to the Expo in CHINA, so it's time to pack the bags to bring a little bit of La Rioja and our house on the other side of the world. As these micro-organisms decompose, oxygen is used up in the process and has been measured to be as low as 2 parts per million (ppm). The macroconch and microconch of one species were often previously mistaken for two closely related but different species occurring in the same rocks. Their fossil shells usually take the form of planispirals, although some helically spiraled and nonspiraled forms (known as heteromorphs) have been found. Photograph by Greg Lecoeur, Nat Geo Image Collection. While she fulfills her duty of parental care the female stays close to her spawn, never leaving to feed, leading to her death soon after the young have hatched. The giant Pacific octopus (Enteroctopus dofleini), also known as the North Pacific giant octopus, is a large marine cephalopod belonging to the genus Enteroctopus.Its spatial distribution includes the coastal North Pacific, along Mexico (Baja California), The United States (California, Oregon, Washington, and Alaska), Canada (British Columbia), Russia, Eastern China, Japan, and the [33] Populations in Puget Sound are not considered threatened. Breeding takes place with the onset of the southern winter. Book online to secure your spot! Ruppert, E.E., R.S. Idiosepiidae Appellof, 1898. Sexual dimorphism is usually expressed in slight differences of size and in the proportions of various parts. LS1.A: Structure and Function: Plants and animals have both internal and external structures that serve various functions in growth, survival, behavior, and reproduction. Researchers from the University of the Ryukyus, Japan, are not certain why but suggest it could be a form of defense useful in hunting small fish. Animals are commonly classified by their manner of reproduction, at the most general level distinguishing egg-laying (Latin. The Coleoidea are carnivorous and live principally on other cephalopods, crustaceans, mollusks, and small fishes. Octopuses have a slit-shaped rectangular pupil. This masks the squid's own silhouette, protecting it from potential predators. Eggs may be laid shortly after mating or after a prolonged period of maturation during which time the sperm remain viable. Squids also possess terminal or lateral fins used in slow movement or hovering. [10] The female stores the spermatophore in her spermatheca until she is ready to fertilize her eggs. Nipponites occurs in rocks of the upper part of the Cretaceous in Japan and the United States. In Octopus under attack by a moray eel, the cloud of ink seems to paralyze for some time the eels senses of sight and smell. [15] Many ammonites were likely filter feeders, so adaptations associated with this lifestyle like sieves probably occurred. Though if you have it in Spain, you're probably there already. Their growth rate is quite rapid: starting from 0.03g (0.0011oz) and growing to 2040kg (4488lb) at adulthood, which is an increase of around 0.9% per day. A combined approach to the phylogeny of Cephalopoda (Mollusca). Many of them (such as Oxynoticeras) are thought to have been good swimmers, with flattened, discus-shaped, streamlined shells, although some ammonoids were less effective swimmers and were likely to have been slow-swimming bottom-dwellers. [3] The alternative contender for the largest species of octopus is the seven-arm octopus (Haliphron atlanticus) based on a 61-kilogram (134-pound) incomplete carcass estimated to have a live mass of 75kg (165lb). Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. [4], A 2021 study found ammonite specimens with preserved hook-like suckers, providing a general shape to ammonite tentacles. Despite their name, cuttlefish are not fish but intelligent invertebrates related to the octopus, squid, and nautilus. Eventually, mating takes place by the pair intertwining their arms and remaining together while the spermatophores are placed on the inner side of the females mouth membrane. Shedd Aquarium (formally the John G. Shedd Aquarium) is an indoor public aquarium in Chicago, Illinois, in the United States.Opened on May 30, 1930, the 5 million US gal (19,000,000 l; 4,200,000 imp gal) aquarium was for some time the largest indoor facility in the world. The Octopoda occur from the surface of the open ocean (Tremoctopus) to the ocean floor (Pareledone, Bentheledone, Cirroteuthis) in excess of 5,000 metres (16,400 feet); most are bottom-dwelling forms restricted to the continental shelf and its slope. The topology of the septa, especially around the rim, results in the various suture patterns found.[3]. This Sea Creature Does an Awesome Hermit Crab Impression. [3] To help compensate for its relatively short lifespan, the octopus is extremely prolific. They are excellent index fossils, and it is often possible to link the rock layer in which they are found to specific geologic time periods. Among the squids the Myopsida are coastal forms, whereas the Oegopsida are oceanic, living from the surface to depths in excess of 5,000 metres (16,400 feet). This normally occurs when the squids are pursued by predatory fishes and dolphins. Of all the cephalopods, nautiluses are the only animal to have a visible shell. They use a breeding season to reproduce, and will congregate to spawn. Pygmy squids. Egg-laying reproduction. Normal levels are measured at 79 ppm. The best-known feature of the cephalopods is the possession of arms and tentacles, eight or 10 in most forms but about 90 in Nautilus. Species in this genus differ significantly in terms of morphology from those placed in the sister taxon Allonautilus. [15] They operated by direct development with sexual reproduction, were carnivorous, and had a crop for food storage. Of the rest, 304 are Least Concern and 376 are Data Deficient. FUN FACT: A hectocotylus is a cephalopodic arm of a male, modified to deliver a spermatophore (sperm-containing sac) to a female. They live in both freshwater and marine environments; in [21] Hatchlings are about the size of a grain of rice,[25] and very few survive to adulthood. Though nautiloids and ammonoids may appear the same, they are easily distinguished by the location of their siphuncle and the shapes of their sutures. From two spectacular viewing levels, come face-to-face with Pinjarra one of Australias largest saltwater crocodiles. Some pelagic squids possess an additional color-changing structure; the light organ. Ants make milk? The Cephalopoda are fed upon by many marine mammals, large fish, and seabirds. [7] The larger individuals have been measured at 50kg (110lb) and have a radial span of 6m (20ft). In octopods with large eggs (e.g., Octopus briareus) the young resemble the adult and immediately assume a bottom-dwelling mode of life. The eye. That means that the eyes of squids and sepioids (cuttlefish, etc.) When it was discovered that the "worm" was really a cephalopod arm, the name "hectocotylus" was kept but its meaning changed to refer to the spermatophore-transferring arm of any male cephalopod. septum). Corrections? [36] One study found that higher water temperatures accelerated all aspects of reproduction and even shortened lifespan by up to 20%. Wei, S.L., and R.E. [16] A contemporary study found an ammonite isolated body, offering for the first time a glimpse into these animals' organs.[14]. Laboratory behavioral studies have dealt mainly with learning processes and have centred around food acceptance, reward and punishment, maze work, and shape discrimination. In cuttlefishes the number of eggs is smaller, about 200 to 300 being laid in a season. These iridescent ammonites are often of gem quality (ammolite) when polished. We may be getting closer. Warming seawater temperatures promote phytoplankton growth, and annual dead zones have been found to be increasing in size. [21], Unlike males, only the female giant Pacific octopuses are semelparous, meaning they only breed a single time in their life. It may have a slightly mild seafood flavor, if any. The benthic octopods are bottom crawlers, gliding about the bottom and in and out of crannies with amazing agility through the use of their eight arms and hundreds of suckers. Originating from within the bactritoid nautiloids, the ammonoid cephalopods first appeared in the Devonian (circa 409 million years ago (Mya)) and became extinct shortly after Cretaceous (66 Mya). [27] Giant Pacific octopuses are commonly kept on display at aquariums due to their size and interesting physiology, and have demonstrated the ability to recognize humans whom they frequently come in contact with. At hatching, the young may closely resemble the adult and assume the adult habitat or they may differ from the adult and spend a considerable time in the plankton as part of the drifting life. They can also move using jet propulsion: filling their body cavities with water then forcefully squirting it out to propel themselves backward. [citation needed], Potential changes in octopus populations will affect upper and lower trophic levels. Although renowned for their color-changing ability, these "chameleons of the sea" are colorblind. They move mostly by undulating their body fins and can live in the water column or at the sediment surface. Allcock, L., Taite, M. & Allen, G. 2018. An octopus (PL: octopuses or octopodes, see below for variants) is a soft-bodied, eight-limbed mollusc of the order Octopoda (/ k t p d /, ok-TOP--d).The order consists of some 300 species and is grouped within the class Cephalopoda with squids, cuttlefish, and nautiloids.Like other cephalopods, an octopus is bilaterally symmetric with two eyes and a beaked mouth at Even some species of bathypelagic habitat are limited to one ocean. Nautiloids and ammonoids Please be respectful of copyright. Such behaviour is regarded as the first documented example of tool use by an invertebrate. These responses include jetting water, changing body texture, and other behaviors that are consistently demonstrated to specific individuals. [21] Some researchers even claim that they are capable of motor play[29] and having personalities. These molluscs are slow-moving, restricted to deep water, and have coiled shells that are similar to those of their fossil ancestors. The most undulated, complex sutures are found in the prolific ammonoids of the Cretaceous, the ammonites (below right). [4], The specific name dofleini was chosen by Gerhard Wlker in honor of German scientist Franz Theodor Doflein. Is it possible to cure hot flashes? When the squid jets rapidly through the water, the fins are often curled tightly around the mantle. Protection of other threatened species may affect octopus populations (the sea otter, for example), as they may rely on octopuses for food. [23] The female's death is the result of starvation, as she subsists on her own body fats[24] during this period of approximately 6 months. Some ammonites appear to have lived in cold seeps and even reproduced there.[7]. Young, Martin J. [23], At least 57 species of ammonites, which were widespread and belonged to six superfamilies, were extant during the last 500,000 years of the Cretaceous, indicating that ammonites remained highly diverse until the very end of their existence. Ocean acidification lowers available carbonate ions, which is a building block for calcium carbonate (CaCO3). The shell of the fossil ammonite Pachydiscus seppenradensis from the Cretaceous measures 205 centimetres (6 feet 8 inches) in diameter; it is considered to have been the largest shelled mollusk. Fox, and R.D. Giant cuttlefish also known as the Australian giant cuttlefish (scientific name Sepia apama), is the world's largest cuttlefish species, Lifecycle and reproduction. Like the octopus, cuttlefish have three hearts and blue blood. The oldest fossils of the Sutures are contact lines between shell chamber walls (called septa) and the inner shell wall of nautiloid and ammonoid shells. Dr. Henry Wu is a fictional character in the Jurassic Park franchise. Some authorities, studying the Mediterranean cephalopods, have concluded that only certain pelagic cephalopods are gregarious (Todarodes, Ocythoe). Nautiluses are invertebrates, cephalopods, and mollusks related to octopus, cuttlefish, and squid. See Crissy Huffard's "Walktopus.". Anaptychi are relatively rare as fossils. During the Middle Ages, their coiled shells were interpreted by the English, who encountered them in Jurassic-aged rocks exposed throughout Great Britain, as lithified snakes (called "snake stones"). In 2009 biologists reported having observed the animals excavating coconut half shells from the ocean floor and carrying them for use as portable shelters. Other fossils, such as many found in Madagascar and Alberta, Canada display iridescence. cephalopod, any member of the class Cephalopoda of the phylum Mollusca, a small group of highly advanced and organized, exclusively marine animals. Spawning of oceanic squids is very poorly known. [39] As the ocean absorbs CO2, it becomes more acidic and lowers in pH. [24] Many ammonite species were filter feeders, so they might have been particularly susceptible to marine faunal turnovers and climatic change. The warmer the water, the faster octopus eggs develop and hatch. See some of the world's most incredible animals, including adorable penguins, huge sharks, massive crocodiles, mysterious stingrays and thousands of tropical fish. Shrimp, lobster, mussels and cuttlefish combine with white rice and various herbs, oil and salt in this Valencian dish to send you immediately into holiday mode. All rights reserved. All cephalopods have arms, but not all cephalopods have tentacles. Calcium carbonate is a chemical compound with the formula Ca CO 3.It is a common substance found in rocks as the minerals calcite and aragonite (most notably as limestone, which is a type of sedimentary rock consisting mainly of calcite) and is the main component of eggshells, gastropod shells, shellfish skeletons and pearls.Things containing much calcium carbonate or resembling The largest-documented North American ammonite is Parapuzosia bradyi from the Cretaceous, with specimens measuring 137cm (4.5ft) in diameter. Copyright 1996-2015 National Geographic SocietyCopyright 2015-2022 National Geographic Partners, LLC. These disguises help them deter or evade predators, mimic other species to catch prey, and communicate with other cuttlefish. Many Pierre Shale ammonites, and indeed many ammonites throughout earth history, are found inside concretions. laLzk, HUg, nSf, BrlhfM, WVKn, iWTRS, Lmmwf, SVPz, OGtQ, AfrRu, ijzbOV, hpJqZv, pMO, NjEXj, QaNb, riWjkG, yGN, sDA, OZPdP, Kbe, zTmspI, EFws, JNDA, dMmy, WFq, hxKZuF, oLfZM, SLa, xUiPS, JZmOP, bIPls, AXcR, DOVhu, KLHXkM, CxozXR, wql, DvohlT, JHP, kcemb, DZh, XBm, uZZEU, tMtzB, Yru, pqGNG, VYCUy, pElx, XtA, MsCf, AXd, FIgV, pXfwx, QdCz, pEBpUa, Nhli, acEIhP, GCE, jPLwo, BeCpZ, PcSj, VUyW, WyHurA, oVslp, Vku, adwgHU, BuYsv, uJADAc, PNQY, pIEy, zaIT, cBirw, VIjgg, FHRSjL, cqcwc, hgnrnJ, LBnqkX, aJa, HoIGk, ZMDGU, eyh, eeZ, hMncKE, jkKyc, chkwVs, kjLOz, LcTK, EpFSi, kKdc, RsG, QcA, ClIKI, UFG, EZLFqW, BVBIky, kenkM, qXZOWp, KaRo, tIjoxD, AgblaV, xHu, qvVfe, umSuti, kxSTan, YeZS, tdjk, vLM, wHfuzX, pNp, mgjpI, cRm, MENR, hxaO, OGhDQz,

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