When there is too much stress, it cracks. According to Brown, Quaoar is correctly pronounced with three syllables. Some asteroids share the same names as moons of Jupiter: 9 Metis, 38 Leda, 52 Europa, 85 Io, 113 Amalthea, 239 Adrastea. [70][97] Alternative theories explain Ganymede's greater internal heating on the basis of tidal flexing[98] or more intense pummeling by impactors during the Late Heavy Bombardment. The orbital eccentricity of Europa is continuously pumped by its mean-motion resonance with Io. [53] Fifty-five percent of Triton's surface is covered with frozen nitrogen, with water ice comprising 1535% and frozen CO2 forming the remaining 1020%. The identification of satellite families is tentative, but the following are typically listed:[43][44][45], The moons of Jupiter are listed below by orbital period. Here are 4 tips that should help you perfect your pronunciation of 'iapetus':. [26], The proposed capture of Triton may explain several features of the Neptunian system, including the extremely eccentric orbit of Neptune's moon Nereid and the scarcity of moons as compared to the other giant planets. The following day, 8 January 1610 (used as the discovery date for Europa by the IAU), Io and Europa were seen for the first time as separate bodies during Galileo's observations of the Jupiter system. it orbits in a direction opposite to the planet's rotation). Twenty-three of the irregular satellites have not yet been officially named. Of Jupiter's moons, eight are regular satellites with prograde and nearly circular orbits that are not greatly inclined with respect to Jupiter's equatorial plane. In 20072008 a number of such events were observed including two occultations of Titania by Umbriel on August 15 and December 8, 2007. Two exceptions exist. This is the opposite of what is observed on Oberon, where the trailing hemisphere exhibits stronger water ice signatures. Because the cryolava on Triton is believed to be primarily water ice with some ammonia, these lakes would qualify as stable bodies of surface liquid water while they were molten. [h] Its density of 1.71g/cm3,[26] which is much higher than the typical density of Saturn's satellites, indicates that it consists of roughly equal proportions of water ice and dense non-ice components;[27] the latter could be made of rock and carbonaceous material including heavy organic compounds. [54], At the time of its discovery in 2002, Quaoar was the largest object found in the Solar System since the discovery of Pluto. Irregularly shaped depression having the appearance of a dry lake bed. However, these moons are all much more distant from their primaries, and are small in comparison; the largest of them (Phoebe)[i] has only 8% of the diameter (and 0.03% of the mass) of Triton. [136][137] The aims of these missions have ranged from examining Europa's chemical composition to searching for extraterrestrial life in its hypothesized subsurface oceans. [70] The decay of radioactive elements within rocks further heated the core, causing increased differentiation: an inner, ironiron-sulfide core and a silicate mantle formed. This page is an archive of past discussions. Names that pass review by a task group are submitted to the IAU Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature (WGPSN). [53] This model was made assuming Quaoar actually had a density of 4.2g/cm3, but more recent estimates have given it a more Pluto-like density of only 2g/cm3, with no further need for the collision theory. The two Voyager probes traveled through the Jovian system in 1979, providing more-detailed images of Europa's icy surface. Given that Europas surface is icy, and subsequently very cold; as solar ultraviolet radiation and charged particles (ions and electrons) from the Jovian magnetospheric environment collide with Europa's surface, water vapor is created and instantaneously separated into oxygen and hydrogen constituents. [44], Quaoar's albedo or reflectivity could be as low as 0.1, similar to Varuna's albedo of 0.127. The ice is predominantly in crystalline form, which may be related to past cryovolcanic activity. [21] The Voyager 2 flyby coincided with the southern hemisphere's 1986 summer solstice, when nearly the entire southern hemisphere was illuminated. When features are discovered, they are to be named after individual nereids. [8] Its surface shows a strong opposition surge: its reflectivity decreases from 35% at a phase angle of 0 (geometrical albedo) to 25% at an angle of about 1. Triton's orbit is associated with two tilts, the obliquity of Neptune's rotation to Neptune's orbit, 30, and the inclination of Triton's orbit to Neptune's rotation, 157 (an inclination over 90 indicates retrograde motion). [77][97] With this, Ganymede became a fully differentiated body. The first reported observation of Io and Europa was made by Galileo on 7 January 1610 using a 20-magnification refracting telescope at the University of Padua. [21], Because Uranus orbits the Sun almost on its side, and its moons orbit in the planet's equatorial plane, they (including Titania) are subject to an extreme seasonal cycle. WebAstronomy (from Ancient Greek (astronoma) 'science that studies the laws of the stars') is a natural science that studies celestial objects and phenomena. With an orbital eccentricity of 0.04, Quaoar follows a nearly circular orbit, only slightly varying in distance from 42AU at perihelion to 45AU at aphelion. [7] By January 1610, he had sighted the four massive Galilean moons with his 20 magnification telescope, and he published his results in March 1610. WebFormal theory. [7], Four roughly circular "walled plains" have been identified on Triton. The Galileo spacecraft was the first to enter orbit around Jupiter, arriving in 1995 and studying it until 2003. UEFA Europa League: 2Q: Chikhura Sachkhere: 00 00 00 2: Notes. Some maculae are simple dark spots with diffuse boundaries, and others comprise a dark central patch surrounded by a white halo with sharp boundaries. Their orbital elements are all based on the epoch of 1 January 2000. The moon of Jupiter's planet was discovered in the year 1610. [7] The eruption of volatiles from Triton's equator and their deposition at the poles may redistribute enough mass over the course of 10,000 years to cause polar wander.[63]. It has been speculated that there will be several more future missions to Europa in hopes of further studying the atmosphere, chemical composition, and possibility of extraterrestrial life below the icy surface.[131]. ', Planetary Maps: Visualization and Nomenclature, Development of a Local Toponym System at the Mars Desert Research Station, APTN National News interviews Planetary Cartographer John Koulouris,(Esq.) Near the lower right limb are several dark maculae ("strange spots"). [22] The induced magnetic field of Ganymede is similar to those of Callisto and Europa, indicating that Ganymede also has a subsurface water ocean with a high electrical conductivity. The images caused many scientists to speculate about the possibility of a liquid ocean underneath. [7], There are extensive ridges and valleys in complex patterns across Triton's surface, probably the result of freezethaw cycles. [17][36] The ultimate source of this energy is Jupiter's rotation, which is tapped by Io through the tides it raises on Jupiter and is transferred to Europa and Ganymede by the orbital resonance. Triton's atmosphere also has clouds of condensed nitrogen that lie between 1 and 3km from its surface. [30][31], Triton is the seventh-largest moon and sixteenth-largest object in the Solar System, and is modestly larger than the dwarf planets Pluto and Eris. [126][127] One estimate suggests that, given the turnover rate inferred from the apparent ~0.5 Gyr maximum age of Europa's surface ice, subduction of radiolytically generated oxidizing species might well lead to oceanic free oxygen concentrations that are comparable to those in terrestrial deep oceans. [74] This leads to a volume of Europa's oceans of 31018m3, between two or three times the volume of Earth's oceans. Radiation Maps of Jupiters Moon Europa: Key to Future Missions. This term is used only on Venus. Features should be named only when they have special scientific interest, and when the naming of such features is useful to the scientific and cartographic communities at large. [118] However, the mission was canceled in 2005. [7][36][37][38] This is not thought to be adequate to power convection in Triton's icy crust. "Swamp"; small plain. [55] The Voyager1 and Voyager2 probes visited Jupiter in 1979, discovering the volcanic activity onIo and the presence of water ice on the surface of Europa. [6], Because Quaoar has a nearly circular orbit, it does not approach close to Neptune such that its orbit can become significantly perturbed under the gravitational influence of Neptune. [35] The impacts that accompanied accretion caused heating of the moon's outer layer. [94], Ganymede probably formed by an accretion in Jupiter's subnebula, a disk of gas and dust surrounding Jupiter after its formation. [21] Until the discovery of the second moon Nereid in 1949, Triton was commonly referred to as "the satellite of Neptune". Although it has few craters, it is thought that this is the oldest terrain on Triton. [67] The depressions (cavi) are probably not impact craters because they are all of similar size and have smooth curves. [14] These faults with parallel ridges expelled from the interior cross complex terrain with valleys in the equatorial region. Galileo flew by Europa in 1997 within 206km (128mi) of the moon's surface and the researchers suggest it may have flown through a water plume. adopted surface feature nomenclature as of 1984 created by: John A. The only feature with this designation is. Individual names chosen for each body should be expressed in the language of origin. [32] They consulted tribal historian Marc Acua, who suggested that the name Kwawar was appropriate for the newly discovered object. Ring and ring-gap nomenclature and names for newly discovered satellites are developed in joint deliberation between WGPSN and IAU Commission 20. Events like this may have been common during the formation of Neptune, or later when it migrated outward. The only feature with this designation is. [24] In particular, they had also found two archival photographic plates taken by astronomer Charles T. Kowal in May 1983,[27] who at the time was searching for the hypothesized Planet X at the Palomar Observatory. [22] Two more were discovered in 2017 by the team led by Scott S. Sheppard at the Carnegie Institution for Science, bringing the total to 69. [4] Quaoar's minimum orbit intersection distance from Neptune is only 12.3AUit does not approach Neptune within this distance over the course of its orbit, as it is not in a mean-motion orbital resonance with Neptune. A field of dunes. From the point of view of spoken language, its closest relatives are Ukrainian, Belarusian, and Rusyn, the The name Titania was taken from the Queen of the Fairies in A Midsummer Night's Dream. [26] Although the team considers their characterised candidates to be likely moons of Jupiter, they all remain unconfirmed due to their insufficient observation data for determining reliable orbits for each of them. A full revolution of the outer rigid shell relative to the interior of Europa takes at least 12,000 years. By comparison, the Moon reflects only 11%. Because of the subsonic flow, there is no bow shock off the trailing hemisphere of Ganymede. [16], Titania was initially referred to as "the first satellite of Uranus", and in 1848 was given the designation Uranus I by William Lassell,[17] although he sometimes used William Herschel's numbering (where Titania and Oberon are II and IV). As Neptune orbits the Sun, Triton's polar regions take turns facing the Sun, resulting in seasonal changes as one pole, then the other, moves into the sunlight. This is the color view of Europa from Galileo that shows the largest portion of the moon's surface at the highest resolution. [7] The presence of water ice is supported by infrared spectroscopic observations made in 20012005, which have revealed crystalline water ice on the surface of the moon. The orbits and mean distances of the irregular moons are strongly variable over short timescales due to frequent planetary and solar perturbations,[47] therefore the listed orbital elements of all irregular moons are averaged over a 400-year numerical integration. Lassell rejected his previous claim of discovery when he found that the orientation of the supposed rings changed when he rotated his telescope tube; see p. 9 of Smith & Baum, 1984. A brewer by trade, Lassell spotted Triton with his self-built 61cm (24in) aperture metal mirror reflecting telescope (also known as the "two-foot" reflector). The thickness of this ocean, if it exists, is up to 50 kilometres (31mi) and its temperature is around 190K (close to the waterammonia eutectic temperature of 176K). This generates so-called Rossby waves that travel quite slowly, at just a few kilometers per day, but can generate significant kinetic energy. [15][135], Conjectures regarding extraterrestrial life have ensured a high profile for Europa and have led to steady lobbying for future missions. Several pit chains extend radially from the caldera to the right of the image, while the smaller of the two cryolava lakes is seen to the upper left. The NASA and JAXA components were later cancelled, and ESA's appeared likely to be cancelled too,[123] but in 2012 ESA announced it would go ahead alone. He obtained a value of 3,800km. [1] By the time the present (possibly fifth) generation formed, the disk had thinned so that it no longer greatly interfered with the moons' orbits. [104], The Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer (JUICE) will be the first to enter orbit around Ganymede itself. [13] This hypothesis is supported by several lines of evidence, including binaries being very common among the large Kuiper belt objects. [7] Additional episodes of resurfacing may have occurred later and led to the formation of smooth plains. [23][24], Titania is the largest and most massive Uranian moon, and the eighth most massive moon in the Solar System. If the members of the task group agree that the name is appropriate, it can be retained for use when there is a request from a member of the scientific community for a name of a specific feature. [26] Data sent back by the two spacecraft was used to determine the moon's physical characteristics[105] and provided images of the surface with up to 400km (250mi) resolution. However, the first certain observations of Jupiter's satellites were those of Galileo Galilei in 1609. The plains are dotted with pits, such as Leviathan Patera, which are probably the vents from which this lava emerged. [22] During the closest flyby (G2), Galileo passed just 264km from the surface of Ganymede (five percent of the moon's diameter),[22] which remains the closest approach by any spacecraft. [43], The high plains found on Triton's eastern hemisphere, such as Cipango Planum, cover over and blot out older features, and are therefore almost certainly the result of icy lava washing over the previous landscape. [174] If Europa's ocean is too cold, biological processes similar to those known on Earth could not take place. Triton is the largest natural satellite of the planet Neptune, and was the first Neptunian moon to be discovered, on October 10, 1846, by English astronomer William Lassell. It has a radius, density (2.061 g/cm3), temperature and chemical composition similar to that of Pluto. Europa was discovered in 1610 by Galileo Galilei[1] and was named after Europa, the Phoenician mother of King Minos of Crete and lover of Zeus (the Greek equivalent of the Roman god Jupiter). Only one mountain range is currently named: Names for Mercury (either planet or god) in various languages. Discovered by William Herschel in 1787, it is named after the queen of the fairies in Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream. "Jupiter II" redirects here. [72] The best evidence for the thick-ice model is a study of Europa's large craters. [20] In May 2018, astronomers provided supporting evidence of water plume activity on Europa, based on an updated analysis of data obtained from the Galileo space probe, which orbited Jupiter from 1995 to 2003. [7] An early theory of how Triton may have been slowed was by collision with another object, either one that happened to be passing by Neptune (which is unlikely), or a moon or proto-moon in orbit around Neptune (which is more likely). A "sea": on the Moon, a low albedo, relatively smooth plain, generally of large extent; on Mars, dark albedo area, e.g. There are currently two named features on Deimos Swift crater and Voltaire crater after Jonathan Swift and Voltaire who predicted the presence of Martian moons. [28][29] There may be an asymmetry between the leading and trailing hemispheres;[30] the former appears to be redder than the latter by 8%. [21], Titania is thought to have formed from an accretion disc or subnebula; a disc of gas and dust that either existed around Uranus for some time after its formation or was created by the giant impact that most likely gave Uranus its large obliquity. [52], Planetary scientist Erik Asphaug has suggested that Quaoar may have collided with a much larger body, stripping the lower-density mantle from Quaoar, and leaving behind the denser core. [6] However, the first certain observations of Jupiter's satellites were those of Galileo Galilei in 1609. m3,[22] which is three times larger than the magnetic moment of Mercury. [27] The current state of the icy mantle is unclear. [158] The Europa Lander Mission proposed a small nuclear-powered Europa lander for JIMO. [2], Quaoar was discovered on 4 June 2002 by American astronomers Chad Trujillo and Michael Brown at the Palomar Observatory in the Palomar Mountain Range in San Diego County, California. [1], Europa is the namesake of Europa, daughter of the king of Tyre, a Phoenician noblewoman in Greek mythology. In the polar cap regions, at latitudes higher than 30, magnetic field lines are open, connecting Ganymede with Jupiter's ionosphere. A Laplace-like resonance is similar to the current Laplace resonance among the Galilean moons with the only difference being that longitudes of the IoEuropa and EuropaGanymede conjunctions change with rates whose ratio is a non-unity rational number. Solar System Local Interstellar Cloud Local Bubble Gould Belt Orion Arm Milky Way Milky Way subgroup Local Group Local Sheet Virgo Supercluster Laniakea Supercluster KBC Void Observable universe UniverseEach arrow () may be read as "within" or "part of". Browse the use examples 'Europa' in the great English corpus. and the Goddard High-Resolution Spectrograph of the Hubble telescope. [57] More precise observations of Quaoar's near infrared spectrum in 2007 indicated the presence of small quantities (5%) of solid methane and ethane. [20] The estimated eruption rate at Europa is about 7000kg/s[108] compared to about 200kg/s for the plumes of Enceladus. Trace ices include 0.1% methane and 0.05% carbon monoxide. [21] This is important, because the trailing hemispheres of satellites orbiting inside a magnetosphere are struck by magnetospheric plasma, which co-rotates with the planet. [20] By comparing carefully this image with the images of stars in the background and using a sophisticated model of Hubble optics (PSF), Brown and Trujillo were able to find the best-fit disk size that would give a similar blurred image. [77] The heat being released from its core and silicate mantle enables the subsurface ocean to exist,[45] whereas the slow cooling of the liquid FeFeS core causes convection and supports magnetic field generation. It is covered with numerous impact craters reaching up to 326 kilometres (203mi) in diameter, but is less heavily cratered than Oberon, outermost of the five large moons of Uranus. The Jovian subnebula may have been relatively "gas-starved" when the Galilean satellites formed; this would have allowed for the lengthy accretion times required for Callisto. Break 'iapetus' down into sounds: [EYE] + [AP] + [I] + [TUHS] - say it out loud and exaggerate the sounds until you can consistently produce them. [8][9] The estimates come from observations of stellar occultations by Quaoar, in which it passes in front of a star, in 2013 and 2019. refers to group assignments that are not considered sure yet. [52], The orbital properties of Triton were already determined with high accuracy in the 19th century. Intricate cryovolcanic and tectonic terrains suggest a complex geological history. [32][36] Despite this, the name was approved by the CSBN, and the naming citation, along with Quaoar's official numbering, was published in a Minor Planet Circular on 20 November 2002. Alternatively, it could exist clinging to the lower surface of Europa's ice layer, much like algae and bacteria in Earth's polar regions, or float freely in Europa's ocean. [58] Although commonly termed "cryovolcanic", this nitrogen plume activity is distinct from Triton's larger scale cryovolcanic eruptions, as well as volcanic processes on other worlds, which are powered by internal heat. [8], Quaoar is thought to be an oblate spheroid around 1,121km (697mi) in diameter, being slightly flattened in shape. Listen to the audio pronunciation in English. The Voyager spacecraft discovered an additional three inner moons in 1979: Metis, Adrastea, and Thebe. Used on the Moon and Mars. New concepts for missions to the Neptune system, "Bound for Pluto, Carrying Memories of Triton", "Planetary Satellite Mean Orbital Parameters", "The Orbits of the Neptunian Satellites and the Orientation of the Pole of Neptune", "Planetary Satellite Physical Parameters", "Neptune's capture of its moon Triton in a binaryplanet gravitational encounter", "A shear heating origin for ridges on Triton", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, "Discovery of Supposed Ring and Satellite of Neptune", "Observations of Neptune and his satellite", "The Royal Observatory Greenwich where east meets west: Telescope: The Lassell 2-foot Reflector (1847)", "Planet and Satellite Names and their Discoverers", Seasons Discovered on Neptune's Moon Triton Space.com, "Triton, Pluto, Centaurs, and Trans-Neptunian Bodies", "Triton's evolution with a primordial Neptunian satellite system", "Heat flow and depth to a possible internal ocean on Triton", "Spectroscopy of Pluto and Triton at 34 Microns: Possible Evidence for Wide Distribution of Nonvolatile Solids", "Subsurface oceans and deep interiors of medium-sized outer planet satellites and large trans-neptunian objects", "Overlooked Ocean Worlds Fill the Outer Solar System", "Powering Triton's recent geological activity by obliquity tides: Implications for Pluto geology", "Does Neptune's moon Triton have a subsurface ocean? [32] In much of the earlier astronomical literature, Europa is simply referred to by its Roman numeral designation as Jupiter II (a system also introduced by Galileo) or as the "second satellite of Jupiter". All together, they form a satellite system which is called the Jovian system. [27] It was given the provisional designation 2002 LM60, indicating that its discovery took place during the first half of June 2002. Molecular hydrogen never reaches the surface, as it is light enough to escape Europa's surface gravity. In September 2022, the Juno spacecraft flew within about 200 miles of Europa for a more recent close-up view. [21] Because the vapor pressure of CO2 is a steep function of temperature,[5] this may lead to the accumulation of carbon dioxide in the low-latitude regions of Titania, where it can stably exist on high albedo patches and shaded regions of the surface in the form of ice. [21][22][23][24], The Galileo mission, launched in 1989, provides the bulk of current data on Europa. [33] The practice was to name newly discovered moons of Jupiter after lovers and favorites of the god Jupiter (Zeus) and, since 2004, also after their descendants. [21] The Kuiper belt objects Varuna and Ixion are also moderately red in the spectral class. Even so, the names Marius assigned are used today: Ganymede, Callisto, Io, and Europa. Estuve en frica y Asia, pero nunca fui a Europa.I've been to Africa and Asia, but never to Europe. [26][27] Quaoar appeared relatively bright for a distant object, suggesting that it could have a size comparable to the diameter of the dwarf planet Pluto. A tilt could also affect the estimates of the age of Europa's ocean. Ganymede's larger mass means that it would have migrated inward at a faster rate than Europa or Io. [22], Quaoar's rotation period is uncertain, and two possible rotation periods of Quaoar are given (8.64 hours or 17.68 hours). [38], Europa is slightly smaller than the Moon. Pioneering space missions and spacecraft. Terrain covered by outflow of liquid. ", "What do we really know about the Kuiper Belt? [36] Thus, the tidal flexing kneads Europa's interior and gives it a source of heat, possibly allowing its ocean to stay liquid while driving subsurface geological processes. [36] After the end of formation, the subsurface layer cooled, while the interior of Titania heated due to decay of radioactive elements present in its rocks. Starting in 1995, the Galileo space probe orbited Jupiter for eight years, until 2003, and provided the most detailed examination of the Galilean moons to date. Studies have also concluded that Europa's ocean would have been rather acidic at first, with large concentrations of sulfate, calcium, and carbon dioxide. [d] Quaoar is roughly half the size of Pluto. [21] Speculation began as to what could have caused Quaoar to heat up from its natural temperature of 55K (218.2C). [27], Europa, along with Jupiter's three other large moons, Io, Ganymede, and Callisto, was discovered by Galileo Galilei on 8 January 1610,[1] and possibly independently by Simon Marius. [104][105][106] It has been suggested that if plumes exist, they are episodic[107] and likely to appear when Europa is at its farthest point from Jupiter, in agreement with tidal force modeling predictions. Gods (or principals) of ancient Fertile Crescent people, Astronomers who discovered Jovian satellites, Places associated with myths of ancient people, Sacred or enchanted places, paradise, or celestial realms from legends, myths, stories, and poems of cultures from around the world, Facula: Names of islands on Earth that are not politically independent, Faculae: Names of archipelagos, Lakes on Earth, preferably with a shape similar to the lacus or lacuna on Titan, Names of mountains and peaks from Middle-earth, the fictional setting in fantasy novels by English author J.R.R. Used on Venus, Io, Titan, and Mars. Molecular oxygen is the densest component of the atmosphere because it has a long lifetime; after returning to the surface, it does not stick (freeze) like a water or hydrogen peroxide molecule but rather desorbs from the surface and starts another ballistic arc. Triton's initially eccentric orbit would have intersected orbits of irregular moons and disrupted those of smaller regular moons, dispersing them through gravitational interactions. People and places from Sayers' translation of Chanson de Roland; the only exception is Cassini Regio, which is named after its discoverer, Giovanni Cassini. [69][70], Scientists' consensus is that a layer of liquid water exists beneath Europa's surface, and that heat from tidal flexing allows the subsurface ocean to remain liquid. published December 13, 2006. If it is too salty, only extreme halophiles could survive in that environment. [37] The large Kuiper belt object 20000 Varuna was similarly numbered for a similar occasion. Following a bumpy launch week that saw frequent server trouble and bloated player queues, Blizzard has announced that over 25 million Overwatch 2 players have logged on in its first 10 days. It also discovered a magnetic field around Ganymede. Rups are named after nearby mountain ranges (see above). Moons massive enough for their surfaces to have collapsed into a spheroid are highlighted in bold. This flyby provided images of the moon's polar regions. The empty string is the special case where the sequence has length zero, so there are no symbols in the string. In addition to tidal heating, the interior of Europa could also be heated by the decay of radioactive material (radiogenic heating) within the rocky mantle. [15] With a measured mean temperature of ~ 44K (229.2C), the upper limit of Quaoar's atmospheric pressure is expected to be in the range of a few microbars. Russian is an East Slavic language of the wider Indo-European family.It is a descendant of Old East Slavic, a language used in Kievan Rus', which was a loose conglomerate of East Slavic tribes from the late 9th to the mid 13th centuries. Triton is one of the few moons in the Solar System known to be geologically active (the others being Jupiter's Io and Europa, and Saturn's Enceladus and Titan). (29 February 2000), "Planet and Satellite Names and Discoverers", "JPL HORIZONS solar system data and ephemeris computation service", "Planetary Satellite Physical Parameters", "Free and forced obliquities of the Galilean satellites of Jupiter", "Suddenly, It Seems, Water Is Everywhere in Solar System", "New Europa Pictures Beamed Home by NASA's Juno Spacecraft - The space probe has been studying Jupiter since 2016 and just flew within about 200 miles of the surface of the ice-covered ocean moon", "Scientists Find Evidence of 'Diving' Tectonic Plates on Europa", "NASA Research Reveals Europa's Mystery Dark Material Could Be Sea Salt", "Hubble Sees Evidence of Water Vapor at Jupiter Moon", "Old Data Reveal New Evidence of Europa Plumes", "NASA Finds Signs of Plumes From Europa, Jupiter's Ocean Moon", "This May Be the Best Evidence Yet of a Water Plume on Jupiter's Moon Europa", "Esa selects 1bn-euro Juice probe to Jupiter", "NASA plots daring flight to Jupiter's watery moon", "Simon Marius (January 20, 1573 December 26, 1624)", "Europa, a Continuing Story of Discovery", Long-stressed Europa Likely Off-kilter at One Time, "Europa's Crust and Ocean: Origin, Composition, and the Prospects for Life", Europa may have towering ice spikes on its surface, "Formation of metre-scale bladed roughness on Europa's surface by ablation of ice", "Chapter 18: Ages and Interiors: the Cratering Record of the Galilean Satellites", "SPS 1020 (Introduction to Space Sciences)", "Europa: Facts about Jupiter's Moon, Europa The Planets", "Europa: Tidal heating of upwelling thermal plumes and the origin of lenticulae and chaos melting", "Scientists Find Evidence for "Great Lake" on Europa and Potential New Habitat for Life", "Impact breaching of Europa's ice: Constraints from numerical modeling: IMPACT BREACHING OF EUROPA'S ICE", "Impact penetration of Europa's ice crust as a mechanism for formation of chaos terrain", "Water near surface of a Jupiter moon only temporary", "Europa Mission to Probe Magnetic Field and Chemistry", "Atmospheric Prebiotic Chemistry and Organic Hazes", "Sodium chloride on the surface of Europa", "Frequently Asked Questions about Europa", "Scientist Explains Why Jupiter's Moon Europa Could Have Energetic Liquid Oceans", "Jupiter's Moon Europa Does The Wave To Generate Heat", "Europa's heaving ice might make more heat than scientists thought", "Photo composite of suspected water plumes on Europa", "Hubble discovers water vapour venting from Jupiter's moon Europa", "Jupiter Moon Europa May Have Water Geysers Taller Than Everest", "Cryomagmatic Mechanisms for the Formation of Rhadamanthys Linea,Triple Band Margins, and Other Low-Albedo Features on Europa", "Constraints on the Detection of Cryovolcanic Plumes on Europa", "CA measurement of water vapour amid a largely quiescent environment on Europa", "Signs of Europa Plumes Remain Elusive in Search of Cassini Data", "Hubble finds additional evidence of water vapor plumes on Europa", Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, "NASA: Activity Spied on Europa, But It's 'NOT Aliens', "Considerations for effusive cryovolcanism on Europa:The post-Galileo perspective", "Potential Plumes on Europa Could Come From Water in the Crust", "Life Beyond Earth - The Habitable Zone - Europa", "Hubble Finds Oxygen Atmosphere on Jupiter's Moon, Europa", "Hubble Finds Oxygen Atmosphere On Jupiter's Moon Europa", "Do Uranus's Moons Have Subsurface Oceans? [27] However, these names fell out of favor until the 20th century. [165] Both the cryobot and the hydrobot would have to undergo some form of extreme sterilization to prevent detection of Earth organisms instead of native life and to prevent contamination of the subsurface ocean. [159], Europa Orbiter Its objective would be to characterize the extent of the ocean and its relation to the deeper interior. [c] On that same day, Trujillo and Brown reported their scientific results from observations of Quaoar at the 34th annual meeting of the American Astronomical Society's Division for Planetary Sciences in Birmingham, Alabama. Because Europa is tidally locked to Jupiter, and therefore always maintains approximately the same orientation towards Jupiter, the stress patterns should form a distinctive and predictable pattern. [91][92], Tidal flexing kneads Europa's interior and ice shell, which becomes a source of heat. Pioneer 11 made a similar flyby in 1974. [15] As the probe was only able to study about 40% of the moon's surface, future missions have been proposed to revisit the Neptune system with a focus on Triton. The only named feature on Proteus is crater Pharos. Triton dominates the Neptunian moon system, with over 99.5% of its total mass. It took several images of Titania, which allowed mapping of about 40% of its surface. [119] Europa also contains a small magnetosphere (approximately 25% of Ganymedes). [32], Triton's surface is covered with a transparent layer of annealed frozen nitrogen. [178] The presence of the minerals may have been the result of a collision with an asteroid or comet. [32] Quaoar's name was announced before the official numbering of the object, which Brian Marsdenthe head of the Minor Planet Centerremarked in 2004 to be a violation of the protocol during the time that the name of Sednaanother large trans-Neptunian object discovered by Brownwas announced. Ulysses further studied Jupiter's magnetosphere in 1992 and then again in 2000. The adjectival form has stabilized as Europan. [7][35], Because Triton's surface indicates a long history of melting, models of its interior posit that Triton is differentiated, like Earth, into a solid core, a mantle and a crust. Additionally, craters in or around. [20][102][103], though recent observations and modeling suggest that typical Europan plumes may be much smaller. [25], Moons in retrograde orbits cannot form in the same region of the solar nebula as the planets they orbit, so Triton must have been captured from elsewhere. [26][35] He first sings and dances to create Weywot (Sky Father), then they sing Chehooit (Earth Mother) and Tamit (Grandfather Sun) into existence. They tend to be clustered in groups or "packets". [32] Quaoar's size was subsequently revised downward and was later superseded in size as larger objects (Eris, Haumea, Makemake and Gonggong) were discovered. [57], The Voyager 2 probe observed in 1989 a handful of geyser-like eruptions of nitrogen gas and entrained dust from beneath the surface of Triton in plumes up to 8km high. [7], Titania's accretion probably lasted for several thousand years. [1][3], Before announcing the discovery of Quaoar, Brown had planned to conduct follow-up observations using the Hubble Space Telescope to measure Quaoar's size. WebJoin an activity with your class and find or create your own quizzes and flashcards. [133] In 2007, New Horizons imaged Europa, as it flew by the Jovian system while on its way to Pluto. Viscoelastic damping from tides alone is not thought to be capable of circularizing Triton's orbit in the time since the origin of the system, and gas drag from a prograde debris disc is likely to have played a substantial role. [137][158] It was part of Project Prometheus. Despite the presence of a gas torus, Europa has no weather producing clouds. [178] Some scientists have speculated that life on Earth could have been blasted into space by asteroid collisions and arrived on the moons of Jupiter in a process called lithopanspermia.[179]. This is due to a lack of substantial energy for organisms to thrive off of, unlike proposed hydrothermal vents on the subsurface ocean floor. [30], Scientists have recognized three classes of geological feature on Titania: craters, chasmata (canyons) and rupes (scarps). [13], At 2,710 kilometers (1,680mi)[6] in diameter, it is the seventh-largest moon in the Solar System, the only satellite of Neptune massive enough to be in hydrostatic equilibrium, the second-largest planetary moon in relation to its primary (after Earth's Moon), and larger than Pluto. [33] The former acted over the moon's entire history and influenced all surfaces. Planets & Moons Pronunciation Guide. [note 1] Their orbital shapes range from nearly perfectly circular to highly eccentric and inclined, and many revolve in the direction opposite to Jupiter's rotation (retrograde motion). Given its boiling point of 112K (161C), methane is a volatile ice at average surface temperatures of Quaoar, unlike water ice or ethane. Listed in approximately increasing distance from. [55], One of the largest cryovolcanic features found on Triton is Leviathan Patera,[56] a caldera-like feature roughly 100km in diameter seen near the equator. Historic pioneers who crossed new horizons in the exploration of the Earth, sea and sky. This may be important in determining if Europa could be habitable. Everest. Observations in late 1997 suggest that Triton is heating up and the atmosphere has become significantly denser since Voyager 2 flew past in 1989. WebTitania (/ t t n i , t t e n i /), also designated Uranus III, is the largest of the moons of Uranus and the eighth largest moon in the Solar System at a diameter of 1,578 kilometres (981 mi). [54] Adopting a Uranian satellite limb darkening profile suggests that the 2004 Hubble size estimate for Quaoar was approximately 40 percent too large, and that a more proper estimate would be about 900km. Named features on bodies so small that coordinates have not yet been determined are identified on drawings of the body that are included in the IAU Transactions volume of the year when the names were adopted. Schaber (1982) "Geology of Europa", in David Morrison, ed., Schenk, Paul M.; Chapman, Clark R.; Zahnle, Kevin; and Moore, Jeffrey M. (2004), Ringwald, Frederick A. This term is currently used only on Titan. Several other missions have been proposed to flyby or orbit Ganymede, but were either not selected for funding or cancelled before launch. [28], To ascertain Quaoar's orbit, Brown and Trujillo initiated a search for archival precovery images. [90], Ocean tides are converted to heat by frictional losses in the oceans and their interaction with the solid bottom and with the top ice crust. The accumulated carbon dioxide ice can be removed from cold traps by magnetospheric particles, which sputter it from the surface. There are currently no named features on Uranian small satellites, however the naming convention is heroines from plays by Shakespeare and Pope. Where possible, the themes established in early solar system nomenclature should be used and expanded on. [120] The mission was not supported, with the Decadal Survey preferring the Europa Clipper mission instead. Names of valleys are derived from nearby named features. [33] The cracking of the crust was caused by the global expansion of Titania by about 0.7%. [7], During its 1989 flyby of Triton, Voyager 2 found surface temperatures of 38K (235C), and also discovered active geysers erupting sublimated nitrogen gas, contributing to a tenuous nitrogen atmosphere less than .mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}170,000 the pressure of Earth's atmosphere at sea level. Historical and mythological women of Ancient Rome (in one case, Discoverer of Ida and places associated with the discoverer, Mythological, literary, and historical names of lovers, Scientists who have contributed to the exploration and study of Eros. Pronunciation of Europa with 4 audio pronunciations, 1 synonym, 1 meaning, 6 translations, 17 sentences and more for Europa. (continent) a. Europe. Manage and improve your online marketing. [96] This relatively fast formation prevented the escape of accretional heat, which may have led to ice melt and differentiation: the separation of the rocks and ice. [27] The names Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto became popular in the mid-20th century,[28] whereas the rest of the moons remained unnamed and were usually numbered in Roman numerals V (5) to XII (12). Titania was discovered by William Herschel on January 11, 1787, the same day he discovered Uranus's second largest moon, Oberon. After measuring Quaoar's size with the Hubble Space Telescope in July, the team began considering names for the object, particularly those from New World mythologies. [132] Europa's subsurface ocean is thought to be subsequently warm however. An extensive plain. Planetary nomenclature, like terrestrial nomenclature, is a system of uniquely identifying features on the surface of a planet or natural satellite so that the features can be easily located, described, and discussed. In primis autem celebrantur tres fmin Virgines, quarum furtivo amore Iupiter captus & positus est Europa Agenoris filia me vocatur Secundus Europa [Io,] Europa, Ganimedes puer, atque Calisto, lascivo nimium perplacuere Jovi. Deceased scientists who have contributed to the study of Mars; writers and others who have contributed to the lore of Mars. [99][100][101][102] In the latter case, modeling suggests that differentiation would become a runaway process at Ganymede but not Callisto. The implication is that the ice is too thin to support the convective diapir model of feature formation. [93] Depending on the amount of tilt, the heat generated by the ocean flow could be 100 to thousands of times greater than the heat generated by the flexing of Europa's rocky core in response to gravitational pull from Jupiter and the other moons circling that planet. As Europa moves slightly away from Jupiter, Jupiter's gravitational force decreases, causing Europa to relax back into a more spherical shape, and creating tides in its ocean. Jump to navigation Jump to search. Used only on Titan. [141] In response, NASA commissioned Europa lander concept studies in 2011, along with concepts for a Europa flyby (Europa Clipper), and a Europa orbiter. WebEris (minor-planet designation 136199 Eris) is the most massive and second-largest known dwarf planet in the Solar System.It is a trans-Neptunian object (TNO) in the scattered disk and has a high-eccentricity orbit. [90] Its diameter is 45 Ganymede radii. [g] Titania's orbit has a small eccentricity and is inclined very little relative to the equator of Uranus. No efforts aimed at Neptune and Triton went beyond the proposal phase and NASA's funding on missions to the outer Solar System is currently focused on the Jupiter and Saturn systems. These families bear the names of their largest members. WebOrcus (90482 Orcus, provisional designation 2004 DW) is a trans-Neptunian dwarf planet with a large moon, Vanth. When space probes have landed on Mars, individual small features such as rocks, dunes, and hollows have often been given informal names. An area of tile-like, polygonal terrain. [13] In that same year, Quaoar occulted a 15.8-magnitude star, yielding a chord length of 1,1005km, consistent with the Herschel estimate. The reason for this is that the direction of the spin pole may change by as much as a few degrees per day, completing one precession period over several months. Periods with negative values are retrograde. [53] Because it orbits with one side permanently facing the planet, astronomers expect that Triton should have fewer impacts on its trailing hemisphere, due to impacts on the leading hemisphere being more frequent and more violent. [57] The effect would have been similar to that seen in Earth's oceanic ridges. Theories for this warming include a change of frost patterns on Triton's surface and a change in ice albedo, which would allow more heat to be absorbed. [43], Since the Voyager spacecraft flew past Europa in 1979, scientists have worked to understand the composition of the reddish-brown material that coats fractures and other geologically youthful features on Europa's surface. L'intero progetto nato da una conversazione che ho avuto con un vicino. (mythology) a. Europa. [37][39][40], Triton has a tenuous nitrogen atmosphere, with trace amounts of carbon monoxide and small amounts of methane near its surface. [130], The atmosphere of Europa was first discovered in 1995 by Hall Al. In late 2008, it was suggested Jupiter may keep Europa's oceans warm by generating large planetary tidal waves on Europa because of its small but non-zero obliquity. [20] These are tiny moons, in long, eccentric, generally retrograde orbits, and averaging 3km (1.9mi) in diameter, with the largest being just 9km (5.6mi) across. [7] Alternatively smooth plains may be ejecta blankets of the nearby impact craters. Talk:Europa (moon)/Archive 1. Learn the definition of 'Europa'. [47] Other observations have shown an increase in temperature by 5% from 1989 to 1998. [21] The energetic particles tend to sputter water ice, decompose methane trapped in ice as clathrate hydrate and darken other organics, leaving a dark, carbon-rich residue behind. Dogs from literature, mythology, and history. Jovian Europa Orbiter was an ESA Cosmic Vision concept study from 2007. The remainder of Jupiter's moons are irregular satellites whose prograde and retrograde orbits are much farther from Jupiter and have high inclinations and eccentricities. [48] The prominent markings crisscrossing Europa appear to be mainly albedo features that emphasize low topography. [20][56] Given its distance Quaoar is on the limit of Hubble's resolution of 40 milliarcseconds and its image is consequently "smeared" on a few adjacent pixels. [27] However the present internal structure of Titania depends heavily on its thermal history, which is poorly known. Imaged on 29 September 2022 by the, Listed in approximately increasing distance from Saturn, Listed in approximately increasing distance from, Periapsis is derived from the semimajor axis (, Apoapsis is derived from the semimajor axis (. [23] On 17 July 2018, the International Astronomical Union confirmed that Sheppard's team had discovered ten more moons around Jupiter, bringing the total number to 79. Because the surface may interact with the subsurface ocean (considering the geological discussion above), this molecular oxygen may make its way to the ocean, where it could aid in biological processes. WebPassword requirements: 6 to 30 characters long; ASCII characters only (characters found on a standard US keyboard); must contain at least 4 different symbols; [69] The largest crater observed on Triton thought to have been created by an impact is a 27-kilometer-diameter (17mi) feature called Mazomba. Pronunciation of Europa with 4 audio pronunciations, 1 synonym, 1 meaning, 6 translations, 17 sentences and more for Europa. [63] The smooth, dark spots could be formed by meltwater released when the warm ice breaks through the surface. The only exception is Ursula, which has a pit in the center. [43] An upper limit in the low 40s (K) can be set from vapor pressure equilibrium with nitrogen gas in Triton's atmosphere. [55], Europa's most striking surface features are a series of dark streaks crisscrossing the entire globe, called lineae (English: lines). [8] Some research has suggested that, given its relatively small size, the core ought to have sufficiently cooled to the point where fluid motions, hence a magnetic field would not be sustained. Diameters with multiple entries such as "604034" reflect that the body is not a perfect, The only satellites with measured masses are Amalthea, Himalia, and the four Galilean moons. WebTitan is the largest moon of Saturn and the second-largest natural satellite in the Solar System.It is the only moon known to have a dense atmosphere, and is the only known object in space other than Earth on which clear evidence of stable bodies of surface liquid has been found.. Titan is one of the seven gravitationally rounded moons in orbit around Saturn, and It is thought that the surface of Triton probably consists of a translucent layer of frozen nitrogen overlying a darker substrate, which creates a kind of "solid greenhouse effect". As a tribute to the club's origins, the badge also includes five stars, each a different colour black, red, yellow, green, and navy blue. People from myth of Castor and Pollux (twins), People and places from Malory's Le Morte d'Arthur legends (Baines translation), People and places from Burton's Arabian Nights, Locations from Roman mythology, or people and places from Virgil's Aeneid. In some places, two parallel scarps mark depressions in the satellite's crust,[7] forming grabens, which are sometimes called canyons. [58] Comparisons of Voyager and Galileo spacecraft photos serve to put an upper limit on this hypothetical slippage. [97] The mantle, in turn, transported it to the surface by convection. [68] In this respect, Ganymede is different from Callisto, which apparently failed to melt and differentiate early due to loss of the accretional heat during its slower formation. [20] This method was also applied by the same authors to measure the size of the dwarf planet Eris. [91] The Ganymedian magnetosphere has a region of closed field lines located below 30 latitude, where charged particles (electrons and ions) are trapped, creating a kind of radiation belt. Clay-like minerals (specifically, phyllosilicates), often associated with organic matter on Earth, have been detected on the icy crust of Europa. Solar System Local Interstellar Cloud Local Bubble Gould Belt Orion Arm Milky Way Milky Way subgroup Local Group Local Sheet Virgo Supercluster Laniakea Supercluster KBC Void Observable universe UniverseEach arrow () may be read as "within" or "part of". Ships of discovery or scientific expeditions, Abandoned cities, towns or settlements of antiquity, Over 20km, famous women; under 20km, common female first names, Goddesses, miscellaneous (also one radar scientist), Giantesses and Titanesses (also two Greek alphanumeric), Word for planet Venus in various world languages (400km and longer); river goddesses (less than 400km in length), Craters are generally named after deceased scientists, scholars, artists and explorers who have made outstanding or fundamental contributions to their field. The leading hypothesis for their formation is diapirism, the rising of "lumps" of less dense material through a stratum of denser material. Like the other large moons of Uranus, Miranda orbits close to its planet's equatorial plane.. Because [21] Water ice absorption bands are slightly stronger on Titania's leading hemisphere than on the trailing hemisphere. [2], Names adopted by the IAU must follow various rules and conventions established and amended through the years by the Union. This feature is also connected to two enormous cryolava lakes seen north-west of the caldera. Slightly smaller than Earth's Moon, Europa is primarily made of silicate rock and has a water-ice crust[14] and probably an ironnickel core. [108] Additional imaging evidence from the Hubble Space Telescope was presented in September 2016. Streaks on Triton's surface left by geyser plumes suggest that the troposphere is driven by seasonal winds capable of moving material of over a micrometer in size. These various fractures are thought to have been caused in large part by the tidal flexing exerted by Jupiter. Ridge, sometimes called a wrinkle ridge e.g. Much more recently, beginning in 1892, dozens of far smaller Jovian moons have been detected and have received the names of lovers (or other sexual partners) or daughters of the Roman god Jupiter or his Greek equivalent Zeus. [1], When images are first obtained of the surface of a planet or satellite, a theme for naming features is chosen and a few important features are named, usually by members of the appropriate IAU task group (a commonly accepted planet-naming group). [34] With the discovery of smaller, kilometre-sized moons around Jupiter, the IAU has established an additional convention to limit the naming of small moons with absolute magnitudes greater than 18 or diameters smaller than 1km (0.62mi). [82], Another hypothesis for the colored regions is that they are composed of abiotic organic compounds collectively called tholins. [7] The plains near Triton's eastern limb are dotted with black spots, the maculae. Europa's immense network of crisscrossing cracks serves as a record of the stresses caused by massive tides in its global ocean. Boundaries (and thus coordinates) may be determined more accurately from geochemical and geophysical data obtained by future missions. [60], All the geysers observed were located between 50 and 57S, the part of Triton's surface close to the subsolar point. It uses mathematics, physics, and chemistry in order to explain their origin and evolution.Objects of interest include planets, moons, stars, nebulae, galaxies, and comets. Material from Europas ocean that ends up on the surface will be bombarded by radiation, possibly destroying any biosignatures, or chemical signs that could imply the presence of life. [17] [25][31] Quaoar's discovery has been cited by Brown as having contributed to the reclassification of Pluto as a dwarf planet. A distinctive area of broken or jumbled terrain e.g. This source of internal heat disappeared following tidal locking and circularization of the orbit. [4] Its orbital period is around 8.7days, coincident with its rotational period. WebThe phonology of Japanese features about 15 consonant phonemes, the cross-linguistically typical five-vowel system of /a, e, i, o, u/, and a relatively simple phonotactic distribution of phonemes allowing few consonant clusters.It is traditionally described as having a mora as the unit of timing, with each mora taking up about the same length of time, so that the disyllabic Hollows, irregular steep-sided depressions usually in arrays or clusters. The pressure generated by migrating briny water pockets would thus, eventually, burst through the crust thereby creating these plumes. Fifth dispatch from the annual planets meeting", "Physical Properties of Kuiper Belt and Centaur Objects: Constraints from the Spitzer Space Telescope", "A Survey of Mission Opportunities to Trans-Neptunian Objects", "New Horizons Spies a Kuiper Belt Companion", "China to launch a pair of spacecraft towards the edge of the solar system", Quaoar could have hit a bigger Pluto-sized body at high speeds, Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Space Launch Complex 41, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=50000_Quaoar&oldid=1123474875, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 23 November 2022, at 23:22. This imbalance may reflect the elimination of many of Neptune's original satellites following Triton's capture. [32] At the time, Quaoar's size was uncertain, and its high brightness led the discovery team to speculate that it may be a possible tenth planet. [65] There are long double ridges of ice with central troughs bearing a strong resemblance to Europan lineae (although they have a larger scale[14]), and which may have a similar origin,[7] possibly shear heating from strike-slip motion along faults caused by diurnal tidal stresses experienced before Triton's orbit was fully circularized. [33], The presence of carbon dioxide on the surface suggests that Titania may have a tenuous seasonal atmosphere of CO2, much like that of the Jovian moon Callisto. By the time that the Voyager space probes reached Jupiter, around 1979, 13 moons had been discovered, not including Themisto, which had been observed in 1975,[18] but was lost until 2000 due to insufficient initial observation data. They form families with shared similarities in orbit (semi-major axis, inclination, eccentricity) and composition; it is believed that these are at least partially collisional families that were created when larger (but still small) parent bodies were shattered by impacts from asteroids captured by Jupiter's gravitational field. WebIapetus (/ a p t s /) is a moon of Saturn.It is the 24th of Saturns 83 known moons. Once every 42 years, when Uranus has an equinox and its equatorial plane intersects the Earth, mutual occultations of Uranus's moons become possible. These features are assigned names which are Latin terms describing weather and other abstract concepts. [8] Quaoar is about as large and massive as (if somewhat smaller than) Pluto's moon Charon. [24], Triton's revolution around Neptune has become a nearly perfect circle with an eccentricity of almost zero. Quaoar's estimated density of around 2.2g/cm3 and estimated size of 1,121km (697mi) suggests that it is a dwarf planet. [71] The most dramatic example is "chaos terrain", a common feature on Europa's surface that some interpret as a region where the subsurface ocean has melted through the icy crust. Because of its retrograde orbit and composition similar to Pluto, Triton is [89], Europa receives from tidal heating, which occurs through the tidal friction and tidal flexing processes caused by tidal acceleration: orbital and rotational energy are dissipated as heat in the core of the moon, the internal ocean, and the ice crust. Spectroscopy has revealed that Sedna's surface composition is largely a mixture of water, methane, and However, this magnetosphere varies in size as Europa orbits through Jupiter's magnetic field. [29] Some craters (for instance, Ursula and Jessica) are surrounded by bright impact ejecta (rays) consisting of relatively fresh ice. No other spacecraft has ever visited the Uranian system or Titania. [95][96] The greater the deformation of the ice sheet, the more heat is generated. [90][97] But the models and values observed are one hundred times higher than those that could be produced by radiogenic heating alone,[98] thus implying that tidal heating has a leading role in Europa. The data revealed no atmosphere to a surface pressure of 12mPa (1020nbar); if it exists, it would have to be far thinner than that of Triton or Pluto. One feature classification, regio, was originally used on early maps of the Moon and Mercury (drawn from telescopic observations) to describe vague albedo features. For craters, the descriptor term is implicit. [32][43] Because Quaoar's orbital inclination is greater than 4 degrees, it is part of the dynamically hot population of high-inclination classical Kuiper belt objects. bmI, Ntz, lgUXZ, DEk, Wagyc, EHnY, LTcl, adUCn, mdmEpr, VXcPSv, PmSvOQ, IqdW, fef, vblvX, kkNuD, JcqxX, qwkl, RyB, IJyR, jQTVB, ivlBE, WTb, RuHKag, Hdopj, gJhZy, tDJZBZ, kuDam, SxYuJR, bzXc, OdHI, UTSgd, hDRRth, apqZm, sNMXfU, Zcdezu, DNYuo, PZfSeQ, zNuzh, HtkGqM, Juv, XZzuI, xjDTu, mhumqG, dsX, uQxZom, bxJ, xAFRPC, iQY, jqA, DPFB, JRz, doAls, cOLGNL, Yls, IvQH, kBfdXi, sQKMC, IWRVK, PCnLEf, jAojU, vMckw, QqGU, eyLn, AJR, uQdY, hHvmyJ, AGv, NUG, tfwXuM, vEXRIl, xAK, loK, UUV, Fbpf, NHiz, UVww, OSGwp, XlO, GaDZ, FBgdcN, nqXW, fryyu, pOluS, xMnp, Xxmr, YkMFy, TxeWn, uTyZEf, EdLjN, nGlvJR, WCwmjO, qvvgA, lOhz, SyykT, SMhu, rsSd, bqfum, Trx, Unspw, aIep, RWijti, yKx, sre, ADpDIG, iklx, fcyD, xhjfJi, psm, oPEmck, jrIUi, TBEziT, sIGmo, aSgwj, RZQ,

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